(Dis-)Information Age Warfare: Countering ISIS, Putin & Co. Sidney E. Dean, Editor The phrase "hearts and minds" might be relatively new to global politics, but influencing popular opinion - that of your own citizens and allies, that of your adversaries, and that of the neutral world - has always been a vital element of international politics and of warfare. Early evidence can be found in Egyptian reliefs touting the invincibility of the pharaoh, who was depicted larger than life and surrounded by fallen foes. The message was simple, but clear: Egyptians should support their ruler who defended and brought glory to their nation, while foreigners should submit to his will rather than risk destruction. Propaganda warfare became more sophisticated over time. During the Cold War the Soviet Union dedicated a huge apparatus to so-called "agitational propaganda" or "AGITPROP". The goal was to promote pro-Soviet movements in the Third World while creating sympathy for Soviet aspirations among western populations. The rise of terrorist violence in the second half of the 20th Century was also paralleled by (dis-)information campaigns designed to gain sympathy for the extremists. At the same time western governments did their best to undermine communist regimes and promote democracy, primarily through broadcast media such as the BBC, Deutsche Welle, Radio Liberty/ Radio Free Europe, or Radio Marti. Ironically the free societies faced (and face) greater communications challenges than tyrants and terrorists. The latter's willingness to lie and distort allows them to present more intense arguments which resonate with many people. The recent revolution in communications technology has taken 21st Century propaganda warfare into a new dimension. It has also leveled the playing field to the point that a small organization or even one skilled communicator can disseminate a message around the world within minutes. The snowball-potential offered by social media means that one film clip or blog post can be re-tweeted, liked, friended and forwarded to millions of people within days. Traditional media outlets tendency to monitor the net further increases the potential exposure for propaganda messages. Unfortunately, the more outrageous, threatening or extreme the message, the more likely it will be viewed. The internet's potential as a propaganda dissemination tool was quickly recognized by well-organized and funded groups such as al Qaeda and ISIS, groups which have recruited large numbers of technology- and media-savvy specialists who churn out e-zines, blog posts, twitter campaigns, and eye-popping violent videos. Even pop music and video games have become terrorist recruiting tools. Meanwhile Vladimir Putin's nationalist Russia has also revived disinformation as a major foreign policy tool, albeit with a different tack than ISIS et al. While the latter seek to recruit and incite youth, Russia hopes to convince middle-class, educated Europeans and Americans that, "objectively," Putin is pursuing legitimate national aims, even defending Russia and Russians from an aggressive United States or Ukraine. And once western governments are playing catch-up in their struggle to discredit adversarial propaganda. This volume brings together fifteen subject experts who discuss the phenomenon of (Dis-)Information Age Warfare; analyze the Russian and Islamist propaganda machines; introduce the civilian and military counter-efforts currently conducted by the United States (including the Special Operations Command Military Information Support Operation or MISO, the State Department's Center for Strategic Counterterrorism Communication or CSCC, and the work of the private media through the Broadcasting Board of Governors or BBG); and propose additional strategies for countering the flow of propaganda. As always, we wish you interesting reading.