About the Book

Rights occupy an important place in man's life. Success of democracy depends on intelligent citizens. Rights enable citizens to take part in administration and this lead to the success of democracy. The philosophy of human rights is similar with that of the values. Human rights promotion is the work of all levels of society. Not only do the United Nations and international groups play a role, but so do national, state, and local governments. Human rights are moral principles or norms that describe certain standards of human behaviour, and are regularly protected as legal rights in national and international law. Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, whatever our nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, language, or any other status. It is hoped that the present edition of this book will be beneficial to all concerned of the society, in general and students, lawyers, advocates, academicians, human rights institutions , researchers and NGOs working in human rights field, in particular.

About the Author

Prof. B . K . Panda (MA , M.Phil, Ph.D) is working as professor & Head , Department of Economics, Berhampur University, Odisha. He has published various papers in reputed National and International Journals, like as. IUP Journal of Management Research, International Journal of Business Research, Indian Economic Journal, Apeejay Journal of Management, International Journal of Environment and Development, Indian Journal of Economics, Journal Of Rural Development, etc. He has published various books in economics, like as Economic Reforms and Emerging Patterns of Employment, Consumption, Poverty and Inequality, Applied Demand Analysis etc. He has also supervised many Ph.D and M.Phill scholars in economics. Dr. Sukanta Sarkar is working as Assistant Professor in Faculty of Management Studies, ICFAI University, Agartala Tripura, India. He did Bachelor and Master degree from Tripura University. He was awarded doctorate degree for his work on socio-economic improvement of rubber tappers. He qualified UGC-NET Exam in December/2006. Currently he is Post- Doctorate Fellow (PDF) in Department of Economics, Berhampur University, Ganjam, Odisha. He presented many research papers in various seminars, conferences and symposiums. Various research papers have been published in foreign and national journals. He also previously worked as visiting lecturer in National Institute of Technology, Agartala & Tripura University. He has research interest in various topics like agricultural crisis, rural development, women empowerment, sustainable development and social problems.

Table of Contents:
Preface 9 Abbreviations 11 1. Human Rights: An Overview 13 Introduction • What are Human Rights? • Importance of Human Rights • History of Human Rights • Human Rights and United Nations • Violation of Human Rights • Conclusion 2. United Nations and Human Rights 27 Introduction • Needs of United Nations • United Nations Children’s Fund • United Nations Disaster Assessment and Coordination • United Nations Human Rights Council • World Health Organisation • United Nations Disarmament Commission • United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees • Millennium Development Goals • United Nations Population Fund • United Nations Commission on Human Rights • The United Nations Democracy Fund • Universal Declaration of Human Rights • United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child • International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights • International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights • Conclusion 3. Children Rights 64 Introduction • What is Children Rights? • Importance of Children in Society • Who are Child Labour? • Child Labour in India • Bonded Labour • Bonded Labour in India • Legal Provision or Commissions for Children Rights in India • Conclusion 4. Rights of Intellectual Property 77 Introduction • What are Intellectual Property Rights? • Patents • Copyright • Trademark • Industrial Designs • Geographical Indication • Trade Secrets • Trade Dress • Conclusion 5. Labour Rights 90 Introduction • The Children (Pledging of Labour) Act, 1933 • The Employment of Children Act, 1938 • The Factories Act, 1948 • The Minimum Wages Act, 1948 • The Plantation of Labour Act, 1951 • The Mines Act, 1952 • The Merchant Shipping Act, 1958 • Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 • National Commission on Labour • Central Board for Workers Education • Integrated Child Development Services • National Child Labour Project • Mid-day Meal Scheme • Convention on the Rights of the Child • Conclusion 6. Women Rights 116 Introduction • Importance of Women Rights • Economic Rights • Political Rights • Social Rights • Legal Rights • Indian Constitution and Women Rights • Women’s Rights as Human Rights • Challenges before Women • Conclusion 7. LGBT Rights Introduction • How are LGBT? • History of LGBT • Reasons of LGBT • Same-sex Marriage • LGBT in India 129 • Human Rights Violation • Challenges before LGBT • Conclusion 8. Disability Rights Introduction • Who are Disable? • Types of Disability • Disable People in India • Legal Perspectives • Human 141 Rights Violation • Protection of Persons with Mental Illness • International Disability and Development Consortium • Handicap International • Disability Discrimination Act 1995 • Conclusion 9. Orphan Rights 185 Introduction • Who is Orphan? • Reasons of Orphan • Orphan Children in India • Legal Perspectives • Human Rights Violation • Conclusion 10. Minority Rights 193 Introduction • Who are Minority? • Minority People in India • Minority Rights in Indian Constitution • Ministry of Minority Affairs • Violation of Minority Rights • Conclusion 11. Environmental Rights 201 Introduction • Significance of Environmental Acts • Environmental Policies in India • Environmental Acts in India • Indian Penal Code for Environmental Protection • Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education • Conclusion 12. Rights of Consumer 220 Introduction • Who are Customer? • Consumer Protection • Consumer Rights in India • The Drugs Control Act, 1950 • Industries (Development and Regulation) Act, 1951 • The Presentation of Food Adulteration Act, 1954 • Consumer Protection Act, 1986 • Standards of Weights and Measures Act, 1976 • Standards of Weights and Measures (Enforcement) Act, 1985 • Standards of Weights and Measures (Packaged Commodities) Rules, 1977 • Ministry of Consumer Affairs • Consumer Court • National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission • Consumer Redressal Forum • Bureau of Indian Standards • Constitutional Perspectives • The Indian Penal Code • Conclusion 13. Rights of Prisoner 235 Introduction • Prison in India • Prisoner Rights in India • The Code of Criminal Procedure • Prison Act, 1894 • Vocational Training in Prisons • Prison Litigation Reform Act • Prisoners’ Rights in International Law • Human Rights and Prisoner • Conclusion 14. Reproductive Rights 263 Introduction • What are Reproductive Rights? • Importance of Reproductive Rights • Reproductive Rights of Women • Men’s Reproductive Rights • Adolescents’ Reproductive Rights • Birth Control Movement • Sexual and Reproductive Rights • Reproductive Rights are Human Rights • Conclusion 15. Digital Rights 276 Introduction • What are Digital Rights? • Importance of Digital Rights • Digital Rights and Responsibilities • Rights to Internet Access • Digital Rights Management • European Digital Rights • Conclusion 16. Rights in Indian Constitution 288 Introduction • Importance of Constitution • Fundamental Rights in India • Directive Principle of State Policy • Rights of Women • Rights of Children • Rights of Dalits• Rights of Minority • Conclusion Bibliography 301 Index 325