The recent history of Venezuela is undoubtedly one of the most fascinating, complex, and tragic in Latin America. In less than two decades, the country transitioned from being one of the continent's most prosperous economies to a territory marked by hyperinflation, shortages of food and medicine, a deep humanitarian crisis, and a massive exodus of its population. It all began with a promise, a dream that captivated millions of Venezuelans: the Bolivarian dream.
In 1998, a young retired military officer named Hugo Chávez Frías, with a speech against the traditional elites and the injustices of the system, rose to power after a decisive electoral victory. Chávez represented a radical change in contrast to the corruption and stagnation of the traditional parties that had governed the country for decades. His project of a Bolivarian Revolution, inspired by the ideals of the Liberator Simón Bolívar, promised social justice, wealth redistribution, and the creation of a new economic and political model that would break the country's dependence on oil and foreign influences.
However, as Chávez consolidated his power, cracks in the Bolivarian project began to emerge. Constitutional reforms, the takeover of key institutions, and the use of oil as a tool to maintain loyalty both domestically and internationally started to generate increasing polarization in Venezuelan society. The initial years of wealth redistribution and social programs were replaced by a system that became increasingly authoritarian, dependent on oil revenues, and vulnerable to the drop in international oil prices.
The Bolivarian dream, which had captured the imagination of millions within and outside Venezuela, mutated into a personalist power project plagued by corruption, inefficiency, and repression. After Chávez's death in 2013, his successor, Nicolás Maduro, inherited a divided country and a rapidly deteriorating economy. Maduro not only failed to stop the economic collapse, but deepened the political crisis, harshly repressing the opposition and triggering a humanitarian crisis of historic proportions.
Throughout this book, the key events that marked the evolution of Chavismo are analyzed, from the consolidation of power under Hugo Chávez to the downfall of Nicolás Maduro's regime, and the eventual election of Edmundo González, a figure who represents, for many, the possible beginning of a new democratic era in Venezuela. In this sense, the book traces a path through two decades of transformation, crisis, and struggle.
The impact of the so-called "Bolivarian Revolution" cannot be understood without analyzing the historical and social context that allowed its emergence: a nation rich in resources but deeply unequal, with profound wounds caused by corruption and the failed policies of the past. This analysis also delves into the role of oil, globalization, and the international influences that shaped the country's destiny. From the 2002 coup, the oil strike, and the failed dialogue attempts, to international sanctions, massive protests, and the radicalization of both sides, Venezuela has become an ideological and political battleground reflecting global tensions between democracy and authoritarianism, social justice, and populism.
The election of Edmundo González in 2024 marks a turning point in Venezuela's recent history. His rise to power is not just the victory of a candidate, but the result of years of resistance, social mobilization, and the exhaustion of a regime that, after controlling all branches of government, left the country on the brink of total collapse. For many Venezuelans, González symbolizes an opportunity to rebuild the country, heal social and political divisions, and restore the democratic institutions that had been eroded during the long rule of Chavismo.
