About the Book

Following a new US administration entering office, and revision of strategies for international support to Afghanistan, this book fills an urgent gap in the debate on how to make a 'bottom-up' approach to state-building work. Academic, press and policy accounts suggest the current 'top-down' paradigm is inappropriate to the task; none, however, appears to offer the kind of rigorous insights necessary to understand why.

Based on extensive field and archival research into the workings of 'hawala' - an ancient financial system operating throughout the Muslim world which is accused of bankrolling the bulk of today's terrorist operations, but is central to development in fragile states - this book shines a rare light on local-level institutions in Afghanistan and tribally controlled areas of neighbouring Pakistan.

Important dynamics emerge around the legitimacy of externally-imposed change in complex humanitarian and stabilisation environments; the bargain of foreign aid and financial regulation; and the challenge of how to reconcile broad models of state-building with specific and unique contexts. Parties with the strongest hand are proven to be those typically considered to lie at the margins: they are most able to accrue legitimacy and, by association, the trust of the local population.

The book indicates that the future reconstruction of Afghanistan hinges on whether the international community can engage genuinely with indigenous socio-economic networks like those of the 'money-men', for it is trust that emerges ultimately as the 'coin of the realm', not only in the money bazaar, but also against the backdrop of counter-insurgency and state-building efforts within the region.

Features

• Easy, accessible style despite technical content
• Combined theoretical quality and empirical scope
• Policy relevance - after 8 years of conflict and development assistance, a solution to Afghanistan's problems still eludes policymakers in the world's capitals. This book presents a fresh look at why state-building efforts have failed, and encourages more open dialogue between external reformers and the local institutions they seek to engage, and often disrupt
• Author is a white, Western woman who conducted interviews at the height of the war on terror on Afghanistan within Afghanistan
• Book on trust, based on interviews that also required a high degree of trust between author and subjects in the 'underworld' (mainly 'money-men' whose activities blended with the illegal trade in opium)

About the Author
Dr Thompson's most recent experience is in strategic planning and political conflict analysis for the emergency humanitarian aid sector. Her doctorate examined the interplay of state failure, development, and security throughout Afghanistan and border areas of Pakistan. Published portions are being used by investigators working in the US Senate Foreign Relations Committee in Washington and the 'Paris Pact Initiative'. Her early research investigated the effects of gun violence in Papua New Guinea, and she was subsequently asked to be an expert on the UN Security Council Monitoring Group of the arms embargo in Somalia. Based on work commissioned by World Vision, her publication Principled Pragmatism is regarded internationally as landmark research in the area of civil-military engagement. Recent academic publications include articles in the Journal of the History of International Law and the Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law, in addition to various publications for the aid sector.

Table Of Contents
METHOD & THEORY

• 1. Introduction
• 1.1. Importance of the study
• 1.2. Definition of key terms
• 1.3. Scope and method
• 1.4. Challenges and limitations
• 2. Legitimacy and the State-building Project
• 2.1. The problem
• 2.2. The popular response
• 2.3. The way forward
• 2.4. Implications

LEGACIES

• 3. Islam, Terrorism and the Origins of Hawala
• 3.1. Conventional wisdom
• 3.2. Etymology of hawala
• 3.3. World commerce
• 3.4. Role of Islam
• 4. Hawala and the Politics of Survival
• 4.1. Empire and state regulation
• 4.2. The bazaar
• 4.3. The Indian trade diaspora and 'family firm'
• 4.4. Conventional wisdom unraveled

LINKAGES

• 5. Ritual and Rationality
• 5.1. War and migration
• 5.2. Ethnicity
• 5.3. Stereotypes and social organisation
• 5.4. Rationality
• 5.5. Conclusion
• 6. Globalisation and the Money Dealer
• 6.1. Global connections
• 6.2. Global financial systems
• 6.3. Black holes and the borderless world

LEGITIMACY

• 7. Informal Economy Revisited
• 7.1. Opium harvests: contemporary linkages with the trade
• 7.2. Black money: the money dealer's perspective
• 7.3. Effects of war
• 7.4.
• Conclusion
• 8. Symbols and Substance of Liberal Reform
• 8.1. What they want: transformation
• 8.2. How they engage: the bargain
• 8.3. Symbolic reconstruction and regulatory ritualism
• 8.4. Conclusion
• 9. Concluding Remarks
• Bibliography
• Appendices
• Index