About the Book

Well-accepted book by educators, students and practitioners.• The strength of this book is centered in its lucid language and contemporary concepts. • Updated and revised from the suggestions received from faculty members.

• Includes FREE Book on Basic Oral Radiology.• Covers recent advances in the subject.

• Incorporates students-friendly Points-to-Remember for revision at the time of examination.

• Includes most commonly asked long answer questions (LAQs), short answer questions (SAQs) and multiple choice questions (MCQs) at the end of each chapter for the examination point of view.

• 4 New chapters have been added such as Halitosis, Geriatric Dentistry, Immunomodulators, and Banned Drugs in Dentistry.

• A lot of new photographs of the rare diseases have been added for their better clinical understanding

.• Management part of the diseases has been thoroughly revised keeping in mind the present scenario

.• This book is designed for undergraduate and postgraduate students and clinicians. Anil Govindrao Ghom MDS (Oral Medicine and Radiology) Professor and Head, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Chhattisgarh Dental College and Research Centre, Sundra Rajandagao, Chhattisgarh, India

About The Author:

Anil Govindrao Ghom MDS (Oral Medicine and Radiology) Professor and Head, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Chhattisgarh Dental College and Research Centre, Sundra Rajandagao, Chhattisgarh, India

Table of Contents:
Section 1: Basics 1. Oral Diseases—An Introduction Anil Ghom 2. Neoplasm Anil Ghom, Savita Ghom Definition 5; Nomenclature Normal Cell Cycle Predisposing Epidemiologic Factors for the Development of Neoplasm 5; Acquired Preneoplastic ConditionsCarcinogenesis 7; Biology of Tumor Growth ; Metastasis ; Grading and Staging of Tumors 3. Infection Control in Dental Office Amina Sultan, Mandeep Kaur, Sukhdeep Singh Transmission of Infections 15; Infections that can be Transmitted in a Dental Environment (by the Oral Cavity) 15; Standard Infection Control 16; Infection Control Protocol 16; Disinfections and Sterilization 18; Infection Control in Radiography 20 4. Case History 22 Anil Ghom, Savita Ghom Definition of Case History 23; Diagnostic Procedure 23; Personal Information 23; Taking and Recording History 27; Medical History 31; Examination 32; Establishing the Diagnosis 56 5. Investigations in Dentistry 60 Anil Ghom, Savita Ghom Diagnostic Test for Cancer Detection 60; Clinical Methods 61; Photodiagnosis 62; Histopathological Examination 62; Molecular Methods 66; Immunofluorescence Procedure 67; Caries Activity Tests 67; Hematological Investigation 70; Blood Chemistry 75; Radiological Investigations 77SEcTion 2: DiSEaSES of oral STrucTurE 6. Teeth Anomalies 83 Anil Ghom, Savita Ghom Developmental Disturbances of Teeth 83; Environmental Alteration of Tooth 105 7. Developmental Defects of Craniofacial Structures 124 Anil Ghom, Savita Ghom Definitions 124; Developmental Disturbances of the Jaws 125 8. Keratotic and Non-keratotic Lesions 148 Anil Ghom, Savita Ghom Normal Variation 148; Non-keratotic White Lesions 151; Candidiasis 154; Oral Genodermatoses 163 9. Oral Premalignant Lesions and Conditions 169 Anil Ghom, Savita Ghom Concept of Precancer 169; Precancerous Lesions 169; Oral Lesions Associated with the Use of Tobacco 180; Premalignant Conditions 182 10. Cysts of Orofacial Region 203 Anil Ghom, Savita Ghom Definitions 203; General Diagnostic Features of Cysts 204; Theories of Cyst Enlargement 205; Classification 205; Epithelial Developmental Odontogenic Cyst 206; Inflammatory Cysts 217; Non-odontogenic Cysts 221; Nonepithelial Cysts 224; Cysts of Soft Tissues of the Face and Mouth 225; Syndromes Associated with Odontogenic Cysts 230; Treatment of Cysts 231 11. Odontogenic Tumors 235 Anil Ghom, Savita Ghom Classification 235; Benign Tumors 236; Malignant Tumor 258 Contentsxx Textbook of Oral Medicine 12. Benign Tumors of Orofacial Region 264 Anil Ghom, Savita Ghom Characteristics of Benign Tumor 265; Terminology 265; Classification 265; Tumors of Epithelial Origin 265; Tumors of Fibrous Connective Tissue Origin 269; Tumors of Cartilage Tissue Origin 274; Tumors of Adipose Tissue Origin 275; Bone Tumors 277; Tumors of Vascular Tissue Origin 283; Tumors of Neural Tissue Origin 293; Muscle Tumors 298; Giant Cell Neoplasm 300; Salivary Gland Tumor 303; Inflammatory Hyperplasia 303 13. Malignant Tumors of Orofacial Region 310 Anil Ghom, Savita Ghom Oral Carcinoma 310; Epithelial Tumors 312; Tumors of Fibrous Connective Tissues 325; Tumors of Adipose Tissues 328; Cartilage Tumors 328; Bone Tumors 330; Vascular Tumors 333; Tumors of Neural Tissues 333; Muscle Tumors 334; Tumors of Lymphoid Tissues 335; Myeloma 344; Malignant Tumors of Salivary Gland 346; Treatment Modalities of Oral Cancer 346 14. Vesicular, Bullous and Erosive Lesions 356 Mandeep Kaur, Virender Gombra, Sukhdeep Singh Classification of Ulcers 356; Ulcers Associated with Trauma 358; Ulcers Associated with Infection 359; Diseases of Unknown (Uncertain) Etiology 359; Ulcers Associated with Allergic Reactions 363; Ulcers Associated with Cutaneous Manifestation 367 15. Orofacial Pain 384 Ajit Mishra, Savita Ghom Types and Nature of Pain 385; Neurophysiology of Pain 385; Types of Nerve Cells 387; Sensory Receptors 387; Pain Conduction 387; Theories of Pain 388; Measurement of Pain Intensity 389; Classification of Orofacial Pain 390; Therapeutic Modalities of Pain Control 404 16. Infections of Oral Cavity 409 Anil Ghom, Savita Ghom Host Defense Mechanism 410; Oral Microflora 411; Spread of Infection 412; Diagnosis of Odontogenic Infection 413; Pathophysiology of Infection 413; Principles of Management of Odontogenic Infection 413; Sequelae of Pulpitis (Pulpoperiapical Abscess) 414; Radiographic Considerations 414; Etiology of Major Facial Infection 414; Acute and Chronic Infections of Oral Cavity 415; Osteomyelitis 428; Facial Space Infections 439; Fatal Complications of Oral Infection 445; Pulpal Infection 450; Focal Infection 451; Pits, Fistulae and Draining Sinus of Oral Cavity 452 17. Oral Pigmentation 455 Amit Parate, Anil Ghom Blue/Purple Vascular Lesions 457; Brown Melanotic Lesions 461; Brown Heme Associated Lesion 470; Exogenous Pigmentation 472; Pigmentation due to Drugs and Metals 473; Summary 476; Hypopigmentation in Oral Cavity 476 18. Dental Caries 480 Raghvendra Shetty Etiology 481; Pathogenesis 481; Theories of Cariogenesis 481; Classification 483; Diagnosis of Dental Caries 484; Types of Caries 487; Radiographic Differential Diagnosis of Dental Caries 496; Control of Dental Caries 498 19. Diseases of Tongue 501 Anil Ghom, Savita Ghom Embryology and Development of Tongue 501; Anatomy of Tongue 502; Functions of Tongue 503; Specialized Examination of the Tongue 504; Classification of Tongue Disorders 504; Congenital and Developmental Disorders 504; Local Tongue Disorders 510; Depapillation of the Tongue 514; Neurological Disorders 516; Premalignant Lesions and Conditions 518; Malignant Tumor 518 20. Diseases of Lip 523 Anil Ghom, Savita Ghom Classification of Lip Disorders 523; Development of Lip 523; Anatomy 523; Developmental Disorders of Lip 524; Cheilitis 529; Miscellaneous Disorders 535 21. Gingival and Periodontal Diseases 537 Abhishek Soni, Anil Ghom Normal Periodontium 537; Disease of Gingiva and Periodontium 539; Gingival Diseases 539; Drug-influenced Gingival Enlargements Dilantin Sodium 546; Non-plaque-induced Gingival Disease 550; Periodontal Diseases 554 22. Temporomandibular Joint Disorders 566 Anil Ghom, Savita Ghom Anatomy of TMJ 566; Functional Movement of TMJ 569; Diagnostic Studies 569; Classification of TMJ Disorders 569; Developmental Disorders of the TMJ 569; Degenerative Joint Diseases 574; Inflammatory Disorders of the Joint 576; Traumatic Disorders of TMJ 580; Metabolic Disorders 591; Neoplastic Disorders 592; Miscellaneous Disorders 593 23. Salivary Gland Disorders 600 Anil Ghom, Savita Ghom Development of Salivary Gland 601; Classification of Salivary Glands 601; Saliva 602; Examination of Salivary Glands 604; Diagnostic Tests of the Salivary Glands 604; Developmental Disorders of Salivary Gland 605; Functional Disorders of Salivary Gland 607; Obstructive Disorders 609; Cysts of Salivary Gland 614; Asymptomatic Enlargement of the Salivary Gland 617; Viral Infection 618; Bacterial Infection 619; Autoimmune Disorders 622; Tumors of Salivary Glands 625; Benign Tumors 626; Malignant Tumors 630 24. Disorders of Maxillary Sinus 638 Anil Ghom, Shweta Tikekar (Singh) Development of Maxillary Sinus 638; Anatomy of Maxillary Sinus 639; Functions of Maxillary Sinus 639; Examination and Investigation of Maxillary Sinus 639; Classification of Maxillary Sinus Disorders 640; Developmental Disorders 640; Inflammatory Disorders 641; Cysts 644; Benign Tumor 647; Malignant Tumor 648; Traumatic Injuries to the Paranasal Sinuses 651; Calcification 654 25. Traumatic Injuries of Oral Cavity 657 Anil Ghom, Savita Ghom Traumatic Injury of Soft Tissue 657; Fracture of Teeth 663; Complications of Healing 676 26. Soft Tissue Calcifications 679 Anil Ghom, Savita Ghom Definition 679; Classification of Calcification 679; Dystrophic Calcification 679; Idiopathic Calcification 682; Metastatic Calcification 684 SEcTion 3: SySTEmic DiSEaSES manifESTED in Jaw 27. Bacterial Infections 691 Anil Ghom, Savita Ghom Infections Caused by Bacteria 691 28. Viral Infections 713 Anil Ghom, Mandeep Kaur Definition 713; Classification 713; Infections Caused by Viruses 714; Herpes Simplex Virus Infections 714; Varicella Zoster Infections 718; Coxsackievirus Infection 723; Condyloma Acuminatum 726; Verruca Vulgaris (Common Wart) 726 29. Fungal Infections 731 Anil Ghom, Savita Ghom Infections Caused by Fungi 731; Protozoal Infections 738 30. Specific System Disorders 740 Anil Ghom, Savita Ghom Basic Life Support 741; Cardiovascular Diseases 742; Respiratory Disorders 750; Renal Disorders 752; Disorders of Gastrointestinal Tract 755; Neuromuscular Disorders 759; Granulomatous Disorders 764; Collagen Disorders 767; Skin Disorders 769; Muscle Disorders 774; Immunological Disorders 780; Miscellaneous Conditions 781 31. Diseases of Bone Manifested in Jaw 787 Anil Ghom, Savita Ghom Fibro-osseous Lesions 787; Fibro-osseous Lesions of Medullary Bone Origin 788; Fibro-osseous Lesions of Periodontal Origin 799; Other Lesions of Bone 804 33. Endocrine Disorders 833 Anil Ghom, Savita Ghom Functions of the Endocrine System 833; Anatomy and Physiology 833; Diseases of Pituitary Gland 835; Diseases of Thyroid Gland 837; Diseases of Parathyroid Gland 840; Diseases of Pancreatic Gland 844; Diseases of Adrenal Gland 848; Diseases of Gonads 850 34. Blood Disorders 853 Anil Ghom, Savita Ghom Physiology of Blood 854; Composition 854; Blood Coagulation 855; Blood Group 856; Diseases of Red Blood Cells 856; Polycythemia 869; White Blood Cell Disorders 870; Quantitative Disorders 870; Qualitative Disorders of WBC 873; Platelet Disorders 874; Hemorrhagic Disorders 879 35. Vitamins 884 Anil Ghom, Sarbani Deb Sikder Causes of Vitamin Deficiency 884; Water Soluble Vitamins 884; Fat Soluble Vitamins 893 36. Metabolic Disorders 900 Anil Ghom, Savita Ghom Disturbances in Protein Metabolism 900; Disturbances in Lipid Metabolism 903; Disturbances in Carbohydrate Metabolism 906; Disturbances in Mineral Metabolism 907; Miscellaneous Disorders 910 SEcTion 4: DrugS uSED in DEnTiSTry 37. Antibiotics 915 Pravin Lambade Antibiotics Useful for Orofacial Infections 916; Routes of Drug Administration 916; Indications for Antibiotics 917; Principles of Prophylactic Antibiotics 917; Principles of Administration of Antibiotics 918; Effectiveness of Antibiotics 919; Interference with Cell Membrane Structure 922; Interference with Nucleic Acid Synthesis 922; Topical Antiseptic and Antibiotics 923; Classification of Local Antimicrobial Therapy 923 38. Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Drugs 927 Manjari Gandhi (Gupta) Definition of Analgesic 927; Classification 927 39. Banned Drugs Used in Dentistry 936 Manjari Gandhi (Gupta) Reason for Banning a Drug 936; Reason for Sale and Purchase of Banned Drug in India 936 40. Anticancer Drugs 938 Sachin Manglekar Factors Affecting Chemotherapy 938; Kinetic Classification of Anticancer Drugs 938; Principles of Chemotherapy 939; Use of Anticancer Drugs 939; Pharmacology 942; Principles of Treatment 942 41. Antiviral Drugs 945 Rajkumar Diwan Classification of Antiviral Drugs 945; Antiherpes Drugs 945; Anti-hepatitis Drugs 947; Antiretroviral Drugs 947; Anti-HIV Drugs 948 42. Corticosteroids 952 Anshul Khandelwal Corticosteroid Action and its Regulation 952; Pharmacological Action 953; Mineralocorticoids 957 43. Immunomodulators 960 Sonal Vahanwala Immunosuppressants 960; Immunostimulants 960 44. Drugs Used in Pregnancy 965 Mansi Tiwari Pregnancy Trimesters 965; Pharmacokinetics in Pregnancy 965; Dental Management of Pregnant Patient 966; FDA Categories for Drug Use in Pregnancy 966; Commonly Used Drugs and their Categories 966; Guidelines for Prescribing Drugs in Pregnancy 968; Consideration in Lactation 968 45. Emergency Drugs Used in Dentistry 969 Vikas Meshram Emergency Management 969; Essential Emergency Drugs 970; Additional Emergency Drugs 971; Emergency Equipment 974; Maintenance of Emergency Kit 976 46. Antifungal Drugs 977 Abhijeet Deoghare Classification of Antifungal Agent 977; Polyenes 977; Azoles 978; Pyrimidine Analogs 980; Allylamines 980; Echinocandins 980; Antifungal Treatment in HIV Patients 981; Antifungal Treatment in Refractory Mucosal Candidiasis 981; Antifungal Combinations 981 47. Desensitizing Agents, Mouthwashes and Gum Paints 983 Vivek Thombre Clinical Management of DH 986; Classification of Desensitizing Agents 987; Mouthwashes 989; Gum Paints 991 SEcTion 5: miScEllanEouS 48. Forensic Dentistry 995 Anil Ghom, Smriti Goswami Scope of Forensic Odontology 995; Record Management 995; Identification 996; Age Assessment 998; Bite Marks 998; Classification of Skin Wounds 1001; Medicolegal Aspects of Dentistry 1002 ; 49. Halitosis 1004 Sonal Vahanwala Normal Physiologic Odor 1004; Causes of Halitosis 1005; Investigations 1006; Treatment of Halitosis 1006 50. Controversial Diseases and Terminologies 1008 Anil Ghom, Mansi Tiwari Bowen’s Disease 1008; Leontiasis Ossea 1009; Previous or Former Cyst 1009; Primordial Cyst 1009; Globulomaxillary Cyst 1010; Median Mandibular Cyst 1011; Median Palatine Cyst 1011; Adenomatoid Odontogenic Tumor 1012; Cementoma 1013; True Cementoma 1013; Gigantiform Cementoma 1013; Reparative Giant Cell Granuloma 1013; Aneurysmal Bone Cyst 1014; Granular Cell Myoblastoma 1015; Eagle Syndrome 1015; Hand-Schuller-Christian Disease, Letterer Siwe Disease, Eosinophilic Granuloma and Histiocytosis X 1015; Traumatic Bone Cyst 1015; Neurilemmoma 1015 51. Syndromes of Oral Cavity 1016 Ranit Chhabra, Barakha Nayak Etiology of Syndromes 1018; Pattern of Inheritance 1018; Syndromes Associated with Oral and Paraoral Structures 1018 52. Geriatrics—Role of Oral Physician and Interdisciplinary Management 1030 Shalu Rai Definition 1030; Classification 1031; Age Changes Affecting the Structures in Oral Cavity 1031; Common Diseases Among Geriatric Patients 1031; Goal of Oral Physicians 1032 appEnDicES Appendix 1: Causes and Classifications 1039 Vivek Lath, Abhinav Singhal Appendix 2: Glossary 1070 Satish Chugani, Neha Dandwani Appendix 3: Emergencies in Dental Office 1080 Sachin Dev Sachdeva Answers Key of MCQs 1085 Index