About the Book

All aspects of nursing microbiology are covered, which are easy to read.
Thoroughly updated keeping in view the prescribed syllabus by Indian Nursing Council.
Uses a consistent and logical chapter format to make the contents easy to grasp.
Tables, illustrated figures and photographs have been added throughout the book at the appropriate places.
All chapters make learning easy with unique features, such as chapter summary as “Key Points” and “Important Questions”.

About the Author

Surinder Kumar MD DNB MNAMS

Table of Contents:
Section 1: General Microbiology 1. Historical Development of Microbiology 3 Introduction and scope 3 Importance and relevance of microorganisms 3 The discovery of microorganisms 4 Scientific development of microbiology 4 Nobel prizes awarded for research in microbiology 7 Section 2: Immunology 2. Microscopy and Morphology of Bacteria 8 Microscopy 8 Morphology of bacteria 9 Arrangement of bacterial cells 10 Anatomy of the bacterial cell 11 Bacterial cell components 11 Cell envelope and its appendages 11 Cell interior 14 L-forms of bacteria (Cell-wall-defective organisms) 16 3. Physiology of Bacteria 17 Principles of bacterial growth 17 Bacterial growth curve 17 4. Culture Media and Culture Methods 19 Classification of media 19 Culture methods 21 5. Sterilization and Disinfection 24 Applications of sterilization and disinfection 24 Methods of sterilization and disinfection 24 Mechanisms of antimicrobial action 28 6. Infection and Asepsis 31 Microorganisms and host 31 Infection 31 Modes of transmission of infection 32 Factors predisposing to microbial pathogenicity 32 Types of infectious diseases 33 Asepsis 33 7. Immunity 37 Immunity 37 8. Antigens 40 Antigens 40 9. Antibodies—Immunoglobulins 42 Antibody structure 42 Immunoglobulin classes 42 Role of different immunoglobulin classes 45 10. The Complement System 46 Complement 46 Biological effects of complement 48 11. Antigen-Antibody Reactions 49 General characteristics of antigen-antibody reactions 49 Serological reactions 49 Types of antigen and antibody reactions 49 xii Textbook of Microbiology for bsc Nursing 12. Structures and Functions of the Immune System 59 Types of immune response 59 Organs and tissues of the immune system 59 Major histocompatibility complex 61 13. Immune Response 62 Type of immune response 62 Humoral immunity 62 Production of antibodies 62 Cell-mediated immune responses 63 Cytokines 64 Theories of immune response 64 14. Hypersensitivity Reactions 65 Hypersensitivity 65 Gell and Coombs classification 65 15. Autoimmunity 70 Mechanisms of autoimmunity 70 Classification of autoimmune diseases 70 Section 3: Systemic Bacteriology 16. Staphylococcus 73 Staphylococcus aureus 73 Antigenic structure of Staphylococcus aureus 74 Coagulase-negative staphylococci 76 Micrococci 77 17. Streptococcus and Enterococcus 79 Streptococcus pyogenes 80 Other streptococci pathogenic for humans 82 Enterococcus 83 Viridans streptococci 83 18. Pneumococcus 85 Morphology 85 Cultural characteristics 85 Biochemical reactions 85 Resistance 86 Antigenic structure 86 19. Neisseria and Moraxella 88 Neisseria meningitidis 88 Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Gonococcus) 90 20. Corynebacterium 93 Corynebacterium 93 Corynebacterium diphtheriae 93 Diphtheroids 96 21. Bacillus 98 Bacillus anthracis 98 Anthracoid bacilli 99 Bacillus cereus 100 22. Clostridium 101 Clostridium perfringens (Clostridium welchii) 101 Clostridium tetani 102 Clostridium botulinum 104 Clostridium difficile 105 23. Nonsporing Anaerobes 106 24. Mycobacterium tuberculosis 108 Mycobacterium tuberculosis 108 Koch phenomenon 110 Contents xiii 25. Mycobacterium leprae 112 Mycobacterium leprae 112 26. Nontuberculous Mycobacteria 114 Pathogenesis 114 Laboratory diagnosis 115 27. Actinomycetes: Actinomyces, Nocardia 116 Actinomyces 116 Nocardia 117 28. Enterobacteriaceae: Escherichia, Klebsiella, Proteus and other Genera 118 Characteristics of the family enterobacteriaceae 118 Classification of enterobacteriaceae 118 Escherichia coli 118 Edwardsiella 120 Citrobacter 120 Klebsiella 120 Enterobacter 121 Hafnia 121 Serratia 121 Tribe Proteeae: Proteus, Morganella and Providencia 121 Proteus (Proteus bacilli) 121 Morganella 122 Providencia 122 Erwinia 122 29. Shigella 123 Morphology 123 Cultural characteristics 123 Antigenic structure 123 Classification 123 Pathogenic mechanisms 124 Pathogenicity 124 Laboratory diagnosis 124 Treatment 124 30. Enterobacteriaceae III—Salmonella 125 Salmonella 125 Salmonella gastroenteritis 128 31. Vibrio 129 Vibrio cholerae 129 Halophilic vibrios 132 32. Campylobacter and Helicobacter 133 Campylobacter 133 Helicobacter 134 33. Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas and Burkholderia 136 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 136 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 137 Burkholderia cepacia 137 Burkholderia mallei 137 Burkholderia pseudomallei 137 34. Legionella 138 Legionella pneumophila 138 35. Yersinia, Pasteurella and Francisella 139 Yersinia pestis 139 Yersiniosis 140 36. Haemophilus 141 Haemophilus influenzae 141 Haemophillus ducreyi 143 xiv Textbook of Microbiology for bsc Nursing 37. Bordetella 144 Bordetella pertussis 144 38. Brucella 146 Morphology 146 Cultural characteristics 146 Biochemical reactions 146 Pathogenesis 146 Laboratory diagnosis 146 Prophylaxis 147 Treatment 147 39. Spirochetes 148 Treponema 148 Non-venereal treponematoses 152 Non-pathogenic treponemes 152 Borrelia 152 Leptospira 153 40. Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma 156 Classification 156 Morphology 156 Cultural characteristics 156 Pathogenicity 157 Laboratory diagnosis 157 Treatment 158 41. Miscellaneous Bacteria 159 Listeria monocytogenes 159 Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae 160 Alcaligenes faecalis 160 Chromobacterium violaceum 160 Flavobacterium meningosepticum 160 Donovania granulomatis (Calymmatobacterium granulomatis or Klebsiella granulomatis) 160 Acinetobacter (Mima polymorpha; Bacterium anitratum) 160 Rat bite fever (Streptobacillus moniliformis and Spirillum minus) 161 Gardnerella vaginalis 161 42. Rickettsiaceae, Bartonellaceae and Coxiella 162 Classification 162 Genus Rickettsia 162 Genus Orientia 162 Genus Ehrlichia 164 Genus Coxiella: Q fever 164 Bartonella 164 43. Chlamydia and Chlamydophila 166 Classification 166 Chlamydia 166 Chlamydophila 167 Laboratory diagnosis of Chlamydia infections 167 Section 4: Virology 44. General Properties of Viruses 171 Main properties of viruses 171 Morphology of viruses 171 Cultivation of viruses 172 Tissue culture 173 Detection of virus growth in cell culture 173 Classification of viruses 174 Contents xv 45. Laboratory Diagnosis, Prophylaxis and Chemotherapy of Viral Diseases 175 Laboratory diagnosis of viral infections 175 Immunoprophylaxis of viral diseases 175 Chemoprophylaxis and chemotherapy of virus diseases 175 46. DNA Viruses 177 Poxviruses 177 Herpesviruses 178 Varicella-zoster virus 179 Cytomegalovirus 180 Epstein-Barr virus 180 Adenoviruses 181 Papovaviruses 182 Papillomaviruses 182 Polyomaviruses 182 Parvovirus 182 Hepatitis B virus 182 47. Hepatitis Viruses 183 Type A hepatitis (HAV)—infectious hepatitis 183 Hepatitis B virus (Serum hepatitis) 184 Hepatitis type C 186 Type D (Delta) hepatitis 186 Hepatitis E virus 187 Hepatitis G virus 187 NON-A, NON-B hepatitis 187 48. RNA Viruses 188 Picornaviruses 188 Orthomyxovirus 189 Paramyxoviruses 190 Rhabdoviruses 191 Arboviruses 193 Alphavirus 193 Flavivirus 193 Rubella (German measles) 194 Rotaviruses 194 49. Retroviruses: Human Immunodeficiency Virus 196 Retroviruses 196 Human immunodeficiency virus 196 Section 5: Medical Mycology 50. General Properties, Classification and Laboratory Diagnosis of Fungi 203 Differences of fungi from bacteria 203 General properties of fungi 203 Classification of fungi 203 Laboratory diagnosis 203 Mycoses (Fungus infections) 204 51. Superficial, Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Mycoses 205 Superficial mycoses 205 Cutaneous mycoses 205 Subcutaneous mycoses 205 Rhinosporidiosis 206 52. Systemic Mycoses 208 Systemic mycoses 208 53. Opportunistic Mycoses 211 Opportunistic fungi 211 Causative fungal agents 211 xvi Textbook of Microbiology for bsc Nursing Yeast and yeast-like fungi 211 Cryptococcosis 212 Aspergillosis 213 Mucormycoses (zygomycosis, systemic phycomycosis) 213 Pneumocystosis 214 Section 6: Medical Parasitology 54. Protozoology 217 Classification of parasites 217 Protozoa 217 Flagellates 220 Trichomonas 222 Hemoflagellates 222 Leishmania donovani 222 Sporozoa 224 55. Helminthology 229 Cestodes 229 Taenia saginata 229 Taenia solium 230 Genus Echinococcus 232 Nematodes 234 Ancylostoma duodenale 236 Necator americanus 238 Enterobius vermicularis 239 Wuchereria bancrofti 240 Trematodes 242 Section 7: Miscellaneous 56. Infective Syndrome 245 Meningitis 245 Urinary tract infections 246 Sore throat 246 Diarrhea 246 Dysentery 247 Food poisoning 247 Sexually transmitted diseases 248 Pyrexia of unknown origin 248 57. Laboratory Control of Antimicrobial Therapy 250 Antibiotic sensitivity tests 250 58. Normal Microbial Flora of the Human Body 252 Normal flora of the skin 252 Normal flora of the conjunctiva 252 Normal flora of the nose, nasopharynx and accessory sinuses 252 Normal flora of the mouth 252 Normal flora of the upper respiratory tract 252 Normal flora of the gastrointestinal tract 253 Normal flora of the genitourinary tract 253 59. Hospital-acquired Infection 254 Sources of infections 254 Microorganisms causing hospital infection 254 Common hospital-acquired infection 255 Diagnosis and control of hospital infection 255 Infection control policy 255 Prevention and control 256 Contents xvii 60. Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 257 Antimicrobial agent 257 Antibiotic 257 Chemotherapeutic agents 257 Antibacterial agents 257 Mechanisms of action of antibacterial drugs 257 Resistance to antimicrobial drugs 259 61. Immunoprophylaxis 260 Immunizing agents 260 Immunization 260 Individual immunization 261 62. Hospital Waste Management 263 Universal precautions 263 Definition of biomedical waste 263 Categories of biomedical waste 263 Treatment and disposal technologies for health-care waste 264 63. Vehicles, Vectors and Rodents 266 Vehicles and vectors 266 Vehicle-borne 266 Vector-borne 266 Rodents 266 64. Standard Precautions in Health Care 268 Applications of standard precautions 268 Section 8: Diagnostic Medical Microbiology 65. Diagnostic Procedures in Clinical Microbiology 273 Specimens 273 66. Staining Methods 276 Staining methods 277 Index 283