About the Book

• A comprehensive textbook written to cater to the needs of BSc nursing and allied sciences students.
• Entire course of gross human anatomy covered in one volume in an easy-to-understand language.
• Includes 122 colour photographs of bones and histology slides.
• Over 400 neatly labelled diagrams included to make study easy and interesting.
• Includes notes on embryology and histology.
• Includes applied anatomy wherever necessary to create an interest of the students in the diseases and other applied aspects associated with various organs.
• Includes colour plates in the beginning.
• Includes model question papers of different universities for the students to reinforce the learning.

About the Author

PR Ashalatha BSc MBBS MS (Anatomy)

Table of Contents:
Section A: General Anatomy 1. Introduction to Anatomy 3 Introduction 3 Medical and Anatomical Terminology 3 Terms 5 Approaches in Studying Anatomy 6 2. Primary Tissues_ Introduction 9 Definition 9 Classification 9 Epithelium 9 The Connective Tissue 14 3. Special Connective Tissues Introduction 18 Cartilage 18 Bone 20 4. Nervous Tissue Introduction 24 Neurons 24 Neuroglia 26 5. Muscle Tissue 28 Introduction 28 Skeletal Muscle 28 Cardiac Muscle 30 Smooth Muscle 31xviii Textbook of Anatomy for Nurses 6. Lymphoid Tissue__________________________________________________________________________ 33 Introduction 33 Lymph Nodes 33 The Spleen 36 The Tonsil (Palatine Tonsil) 38 The Thymus 39 The Thoracic Duct 40 7. Skin and its Appendages___________________________________________________________________ 42 Introduction 42 The Epidermis 42 The Dermis 43 Functions of Skin 43 Appendages of Skin 43 Blood Supply of Skin 45 Section B: Musculoskeletal System 8. Osteology _______________________________________________________________________________ 49 Introduction 49 Bones 49 Appendicular Skeleton 51 Upper Limb 51 The Skeleton of Lower Limb 57 Axial Skeleton 65 Skull 65 The Skeleton of the Thorax (Thoracic Cage) 78 Vertebral Column 81 The Bony Pelvis 88 9. Muscular System__________________________________________________________________________ 91 Classification of Muscles 91 Muscles of the Head 91 Anterolateral Muscles of the Neck 94 Muscles of the Trunk 96 Muscles of the Shoulder Girdle and Upper Limb 102 Interosseous Muscles 112 Muscles of the Lower Limb 112 10. Joints __________________________________________________________________________________ 123 Introduction 123 Classification of Joints 123Contents xix Fibrous Joints 123 Cartilaginous Joints 124 Synovial Joints 125 Joints of the Upper Limb 126 Joints of the Lower Limb 132 Section C: The Organ Systems 11. Cardiovascular System ___________________________________________________________________ 141 Introduction 141 The Heart 141 Course of Blood through the Heart 142 External and Internal Features of Chambers of the Heart 144 Blood Supply of Heart 147 Blood Vessels 150 The Aorta 152 The Ascending Aorta 152 The Arch of the Aorta 152 The Descending Aorta 159 Arteries of Lower Limb 163 The Effects of Arterial Occlusion 165 Veins 166 The Veins of Head and Neck 167 Veins of the Upper Limb 171 Veins of the Thorax 172 Veins of the Abdomen 173 Veins of Lower Limb 175 Venous Thrombosis 176 Development of Heart 177 Development of Atria 177 Development of Ventricle 177 12. Respiratory System ______________________________________________________________________ 179 Introduction 179 Exchange of Gases 179 The Nose and Nasal Cavity 180 Pharynx 183 The Larynx 183 The Mediastinum 187 The Trachea 188 The Bronchi 190xx Textbook of Anatomy for Nurses The Lungs 190 The Pleura 196 Development of Respiratory System 198 13. Digestive System ________________________________________________________________________ 199 Introduction 200 Process of Digestion 200 Parts of Digestive System 200 Pharynx 205 The Esophagus 208 Stomach 211 The Small Intestine 215 The Duodenum 216 The Large Intestine 220 The Perineal Body 227 The Peritoneum 227 The Accessory Organs of Digestion 229 Development of Digestive System 237 Development of Pancreas 238 14. Urinary System __________________________________________________________________________ 240 Introduction 240 Components of Urinary System 240 The Kidneys 241 The Ureters 244 Urinary Bladder 246 Urethra 248 Radiological Anatomy of Urinary System 249 Development of Kidneys, Ureters and Urinary Bladder 249 15. Reproductive System_____________________________________________________________________ 252 Introduction 252 Female Organs of Reproduction 252 Uterus 254 Uterine Tubes or Fallopian Tubes 258 Ovaries 260 Vagina 262 Mammary Gland or Breast 263 Breast Cancer 265 Male Reproductive System 265 Penis 265 Scrotum 267Contents xxi Testes 267 Epididymis 270 Spermatic Cord 270 The Vas Deferens or Ductus Deferens 271 Seminal Vesicles and Ejaculatory Ducts 272 Prostate 272 The Male Urethra 273 Development of Uterus and Fallopian Tubes 273 16. Nervous System _________________________________________________________________________ 275 Introduction 276 Divisions of Nervous System 276 Ventricles of the Brain 277 The Brain 279 Blood Supply of Cerebrum 281 Diencephalon 283 White Matter of Cerebrum 285 The Spinal Cord 289 Cranial Nerves 292 Nervi Terminalis—CN XIII 301 Summary of Cranial Nerves 301 Nerve Plexuses 301 Brachial Plexus Injuries 304 Autonomic Nervous System 308 17. Endocrine System________________________________________________________________________ 311 Introduction 311 Local Hormones and General Hormones 311 The Hypophysis Cerebri or Pituitary 312 The Thyroid Gland 314 The Parathyroids 316 The Suprarenal or Adrenal Glands 317 Pineal Gland 319 Pancreas 320 Interstitial Cells of Testes 320 18. Sense Organs ___________________________________________________________________________ 321 Introduction 321 Classification of Sensations 321 Sense of Smell or Olfaction 321 The Sense of Taste 322 Sense of Hearing 322 The Sense of Vision 328xxii Textbook of Anatomy for Nurses 19. Medical Genetics ________________________________________________________________________ 335 Chromosomes 336 DNA 336 Classification of Chromosomes 337 Karyotyping 338 Barr Body 340 Chromosomal Aberrations 341 Prenatal Diagnosis of Genetic Disorders 350 Non-Invasive Techniques 351 Invasive Techniques 351 20. Appendix _______________________________________________________________________________ 355 The Adductor Canal 355 The Axilla 356 The Carotid Sheath 356 The Cubital Fossa 357 The Femoral Triangle 357 The Femoral Sheath 358 The Inguinal Ligament (Poupart’s Ligament) 358 Inguinal Canal 359 Inguinal Hernia 360 The Popliteal Fossa 360 The Scalp 361 Triangles of Neck 362 Model Question Papers _______________________________________________________________________ 365 Index _______________________________________________________________________________________ 379