"Strategic Intelligence" provides the first comprehensive set of readings in the field of intelligence studies. Johnson and Wirtz's anthology spans a wide range of topics, from how the United States gathers and interprets information collected around the world to comparisons of the American intelligence system with the secret agencies of other nations. The readings are written by renowned experts, and each article is prefaced by a brief, framing introduction written by the editors. The text addresses a wide range of material including: the meaning of strategic intelligence; methods of intelligence collection; intelligence analysis; the danger of intelligence politicization; relationships between intelligence officers and the policymakers they serve; covert action; counterintelligence; accountability and civil liberties; and intelligence as practiced in other nations. The text also contains valuable pedagogical features including: thirty-six classic articles on intelligence by leading experts; nine thorough, chapter-length introductory essays by Johnson and Wirtz, which serve as a helpful "road map" for the reader; brief synopses of each article and author profiles; charts and figures on intelligence organization and leadership; and select bibliography.

Table of Contents:
PART I. INTELLIGENCE IN THE UNITED STATES: AN INTRODUCTION 1. The Evolution of the U.S. Intelligence Community--An Historical Overview, Aspin-Brown Commission Written by Commission staff member Phyllis Provost McNeil, this history of the U.S. intelligence community traces how today's intelligence institutions, while shaped by the Cold War, are based on an American tradition of supporting foreign and defense policy with clandestinely acquired information. 2. The Quaintness of the U.S. Intelligence Community: Its Origin, Theory, and Problems, Thomas Troy This overview of the evolution of the U.S. intelligence "community" offers insights into the difficulty of getting various intelligence agencies to set aside their own agendas and work toward improving the overall intelligence picture. 3. The Use and Limits of U.S. Intelligence, Frank J. Cilluffo, Ronald A. Marks, and George C. Salmoiraghi This discussion of the "new terrorism" explains why the intelligence community was not well prepared to meet the new threat exemplified by the September 11 terrorist attacks. PART II. INTELLIGENCE COLLECTION 4. CIA and Its Discontents, Patrick R. Riley A former Directorate of Operations case officer explores whether the CIA can cope with all the intelligence requirements placed upon it since the end of the Cold War and calls for a more discriminating list of targets for intelligence collection. 5. Re-examining Problems and Prospects in U.S. Imagery Intelligence, John M. Diamond This article focuses on how to cope with the flood of photographs (or images) that pour back to the United States from surveillance satellites. 6. The Satellite Gap, Jeffrey T. Richelson Richelson warns of an impending gap in U.S. surveillance satellite coverage, as one generation of "birds" begins to wear out and fall to the earth without another generation to replace them in space. 7. The Time of Troubles: The US National Security Agency in the Twenty-First Century, Matthew M. Aid America's largest intelligence organization, the National Security Agency, is beset with a variety of bureaucratic problems, according to this expert on signals intelligence who recommends improvements in management and outreach, as well as technological remedies. PART III. INTELLIGENCE ANALYSIS 8. Analysis, War, and Decision: Why Intelligence Failures Are Inevitable, Richard K. Betts Betts offers a compelling explanation of not only why intelligence failures are inevitable, but also of the myriad challenges that analysts must overcome to offer useful estimates of future events. 9. The Importance of Open Source Intelligence to the Military, Robert D. Steele Steele describes various types of information available on the World Wide Web and explains how these sources can be exploited by intelligence organizations to supplement the classified information they traditionally rely upon as a basis for their estimates. 10. A Policymaker's Perspective on Intelligence Analysis, Robert D. Blackwill and Jack Davis Blackwill provides the reader a glimpse into the lives of policymakers and analysts as they interact. 11. Intelligence Estimates and the Decision-Maker, Shlomo Gazit Gazit highlights the importance of establishing what he describes as a "reciprocal relationship" between analysts and policymakers and ways to bridge the gap that exists between them. 12. CIA's Strategic Intelligence in Iraq, Richard L. Russell This report on the CIA's performance prior to the first Gulf War, gives analysts high marks for accurate estimates of Iraqi intentions and capabilities and the performance of U.S. forces in battle. 13. Early Warning Versus Concept: The Case of the Yom Kippur War 1973, Ephraim Kahana This study of Israeli intelligence performance prior to the 1973 Yom Kippur War, describes how the analytic framework that dominated Israeli perceptions of events in the fall of 1973 led both analysts and officials to misinterpret information about the threats they faced. PART IV. THE DANGER OF INTELLIGENCE POLITICIZATION 14. The Politicization of Intelligence, Harry Howe Ransom This overview of how politicization occurs within the intelligence community, suggests that it is inherent in the production of intelligence, because information is crucial to gaining and preserving political power. 15. Intelligence to Please? The Order of Battle Controversy During the Vietnam War, James J. Wirtz In this account of a dispute that occurred within the U.S. intelligence community on the eve of the 1968 Tet offensive, Wirtz explores charges that a conspiracy existed to prevent accurate information about enemy troop strength from reaching senior members of the Johnson administration. 16. Inside Ivory Bunkers: CIA Analysts Resist Managers' 'Pandering,' H. Bradford Westerfield Westerfield describes the controversy surrounding the 1991 nomination of Robert Gates as Director of Central Intelligence, who was disliked by many analysts because they believed that he pressured them to produce finished intelligence that supported White House policy preferences. PART V. INTELLIGENCE AND THE POLICYMAKER 17. Intelligence and National Action, Michael Herman In this introduction to the role played by intelligence in shaping diplomacy and military action, Herman suggests that many things can influence the making of policy in peacetime and war, not just information. 18. Tribal Tongues: Intelligence Consumers, Intelligence Producers, Mark M. Lowenthal Lowenthal suggests that the different bureaucratic cultures of the policymaking and intelligence communities often form a significant barrier to a close relationship between the consumers and producers of intelligence. 19. Building Leverage in the Long War: Ensuring Intelligence Community Creativity in the Fight Against Terrorism, James W. Harris In this call for intelligence reform in the wake of the September 11 tragedy, Harris highlights the role elected officials can play in shaping the intelligence community to meet the terrorist threat. PART VI: COVERT ACTION 20. Interfering With Civil Society: CIA and KGB Covert Political Action During the Cold War, Kevin A. O'Brien The Cold War was in large part a subterranean battle between the CIA and the KGB. O'Brien examines the political dimension of covert actions undertaken by these two intelligence behemoths. 21. Covert Action: Swampland of American Foreign Policy, Senator Frank Church The Chairman of the Senate Intelligence Committee that investigated intelligence abuses in 1975-76 finds, in the excesses of the CIA abroad, the symptoms of an illusion of American omnipotence that entrapped and enthralled the nation's presidents throughout the Cold War. 22. Covert Action Can Be Just, James A. Barry Exploring the use of covert action from the point of view of just-war theory, Barry establishes benchmarks for judging the morality of this controversial form of secret foreign policy. He eschews highly invasive operations but advances an ethical justification for certain forms of covert action. PART VII. COUNTERINTELLIGENCE 23. Cold War Spies: Why They Spied and How They Got Caught, Stan A. Taylor and Daniel Snow Why do some people commit treason against their own country? Taylor and Snow examine this question and find that the answer is simple enough: for money. 24. Bane of Counterintelligence: Our Penchant for Self-Deception, Tennent H. Bagley Former CIA officer Bagley claims to have found the counterintelligence enemy and the enemy is us: or at least the penchant of intelligence bureaucracies to avoid the reality that they may have been penetrated by a hostile intelligence service. 25. OSS and the Venona Decrypts, Hayden B. Peake Examining the Soviet "Venona" cables intercepted by U.S. Army intelligence during the Cold War, former CIA officer Peake finds evidence of KGB and GRU infiltration of the Office of Strategic Services. 26. Counterintelligence: The Broken Triad, Frederick L. Wettering An expert on counterintelligence formerly with the CIA, Wettering sees U.S. counterintelligence as a discipline in disarray, and in need of radical reform. PART VIII. ACCOUNTABILITY AND CIVIL LIBERTIES 27. Intelligence: Welcome to the American Government, Gregory F. Treverton Treverton explores the merits of viewing intelligence organizations as a regular part of America's government, subject to constitutional safeguards. 28. Covert Action and Accountability: Decision-Making for America's Secret Foreign Policy, Loch K. Johnson Johnson examines the specifics of congressional oversight and its implications for covert action. 29. Unleashing the Rogue Elephant: September 11 and Letting the CIA Be the CIA, Frederick P. Hitz In hopes of maintaining accountability without stifling the effectiveness of intelligence officers, intelligence reformers, and anti-reformers have debated the proper level of supervision of the CIA. Hitz argues that the leash on the CIA is too tight and suggests how to improve effectiveness without eroding civil liberties. 30. Ethics and Intelligence, E. Drexel Godfrey, Jr. Godfrey maintains that even in the dark domain of intelligence one must have certain limits of restraint--at least in nations like the United States that have long displayed a concern for morality in the making of foreign policy. 31. Another System of Oversight Intelligence and the Rise of Judicial Intervention, Frederic F. Manget The judicial branch of government is a latecomer to the world of intelligence, but, as Manget notes, it is now very much a part of that world as the courts provide yet another check on intelligence abuse. 32. Congressional Supervision of America's Secret Agencies: The Experience and Legacy of the Church Committee, Loch K. Johnson A former assistant to Senator Frank Church, who led the Senate inquiry into alleged CIA abuses of power in 1975, Johnson reviews the experiences of that investigation and gauges its contribution made by the Church Committee. PART IX. INTELLIGENCE IN OTHER LANDS 33. The Heritage and Future of the Russian Intelligence Community, Robert W. Pringle In this postmortem of the KGB, Pringle describes how it kept Soviet citizens in line and protected the regime from both internal and external political threats, as well as the difficulty of creating new intelligence organizations from its remnants. 34. The Fall and Rise of France's Spymasters, Percy Kemp Following the upheaval that accompanied the collapse of the Soviet Union and the first Gulf War, Kemp explains how the French government realized that it needed a competent intelligence community to cope with emerging challenges. 35. Controlling Intelligence in New Democracies, Thomas C. Bruneau Bruneau describes an issue that is often overlooked in the literature on transitions to democracy: the reform of intelligence organizations and their role in fledgling democracies. 36. Intelligence and Policy, Percy Cradock Cradock, a former senior British intelligence officer, assesses the performance of British intelligence since World War II. U.S. Intelligence Leadership, 1947-2004 The Organization of the U.S. Intelligence Community Select Bibliography Index