The State's Power to Tax in the Investment Arbitration of Energy Disputes

Outer Limits and the Energy Charter Treaty

Cornel Marian

States today are expected not only to regulate the efficient and safe production and distribution of energy to end-users but also to incentivize increased production of energy and the transition to clean energy. In recent years, states are increasingly relying on taxation measures to address the economic challenges affecting the energy sector. This book provides the first in-depth exploration of the intersection between the treaty investment protection regime and taxation measures, as these materialize in investor-state energy disputes.

With the analysis of all known and pending cases under the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT), as well as non-ECT cases and bilateral investment treaties which have heavily influenced ECT jurisprudence, the author develops a deeply informed energy tax policy that greatly mitigates the points of tension in the current regime. He closely investigates the following elements of the subject:

• aligning the ECT Taxation Article with the taxation articles of other investment treaties;
• tracing current case law to the original arbitration decisions involving tax measures;
• extrapolating the interplay of taxation provisions with substantive standards of investment protection as reviewed by international arbitral tribunals;
• evaluating the outer limits of the state's power to tax under investment treaties and public international law; and
• addressing how the Yukos arbitration case has changed the framework of taxation issues in investment arbitration.

In a clear and concise manner, the author provides the necessary framework to dissect any taxation chapter of an investment treaty and presents tools for the development of long-term tax policy and the adoption of model taxation clauses for sustainable investment protection mechanisms.

The book takes a giant step toward meeting the ECT's mandate to promote long-term cooperation in the energy field with a set of defined objectives focusing on trade, cooperation, energy efficiency, and environmental protection. It will be of immeasurable value to states in developing tax-specific investment incentive schemes as well as to investors in completing a necessary level of due diligence against possible adverse tax measures. Practitioners and academics with a focus on international arbitration will benefit from the book's systematic approach to the complex taxation provisions of investment protection treaties and more readily recognize the "red flags" attached to national taxation provisions and their impact on investments in the energy sector.