Home > History & Humanities > History > History: earliest times to present day > Ancient history: to c 500 ce > Revue Internationale d'Histoire Militaire Ancienne. N3/2016: Kakkeka Rukusma ( Ceins Tes Armes ! ) 2e Rencontre d'Histoire Militaire Du Proche-Orient Ancien (Lyon, 17-18 Octobre 2013)
Revue Internationale d'Histoire Militaire Ancienne. N3/2016: Kakkeka Rukusma ( Ceins Tes Armes ! ) 2e Rencontre d'Histoire Militaire Du Proche-Orient Ancien (Lyon, 17-18 Octobre 2013)

Revue Internationale d'Histoire Militaire Ancienne. N3/2016: Kakkeka Rukusma ( Ceins Tes Armes ! ) 2e Rencontre d'Histoire Militaire Du Proche-Orient Ancien (Lyon, 17-18 Octobre 2013)

          
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English summary: Marco Bonechi - Strife in Early Bronze Syria. Lexical, prosopographical, and historical notes on the Ebla texts (p. 17-54).The article focuses on the military personnel qualified as aga-us and zag-us in the third millennium BCE. Ebla cuneiform texts. It includes a lexical discussion, a prosopographical analysis and a survey of the historical contexts, leading to some conjectures on events of the last years of Ebla.Bertrand Lafont - New data on the military organization of the kings of Ur from the archives of Garsana and Irisagrig (p. 55-67).In 2008, it was proposed a synthetical article on the textual evidence for the military institutions of the Neo-Sumerian period (ca. 2100-2000 BC.). It can now be supplemented by some unpublished information provided by two large batches of Sumerian archival texts recently brought to the attention of historians interested in that period. These are the Garsana archives on the one hand, where a large royal garrison was located in the heart of the kingdom, and the Irisagrig archives in the second hand, a site where the kings of Ur often seem to have resided, together with a large number of their generals and soldiers. It is now proposed a quick overview of some new information that can be drawn from these new archival data.Philippe Abrahami - Aspects of warfare in the divinatory texts of Mesopotamia (p. 69-85).The present paper considers the divinatory texts (oracular questions, collections of oracles) and the report sent to the king by the diviners in the Mari letters. Based on this documentation, it focuses on some aspects of warfare such as the monitoring of military operations on a large scale as well as the process of siege warfare. Other issues which are addressed in the scope of the present study deal with the arrangement of units in the course of pitched battles and the oracular treatment related to the engagement of allied troops.Pierre Villard - Some Aspects of the Military Intelligence in the Neo-Assyrian Empire (p. 87-97).One of the main strengths of the Assyrian army layed in the efficiency of the military intelligence. In the absence of an autonomous department, the army had a body of specialized servicemen, the daialu, acting sometimes as scouts preceding the main part of the troop and sometimes as spies asked to make missions of infiltration on enemy territory. They operated frequently from small forts established along sensitive borders, as the northern mountains or Arab-Syrian desert. The documentation also shows that they were very active in vassal States, where they reported their activities to the qepu appointed by the Assyrian king. Besides, the help brought to notables of nearby countries plotting against the ruling powers offered another precious information source, sometimes authorizing operations of destabilization and disinformation.Philippe Clancier - War in the Suhu area during the Neo-Assyrian period (p. 99-114).The Suhu, in the Middle Euphrates area, from Hindanu to Rapiqu, was during the 9th and 8th centuries claimed by the Assyrian kings as being part of their dominion. However, even if Suhu was at times tributary of Assur, at least one state maintained itself until Teglat-pileser III. From at least 878 onwards, Suhu was divided between two main areas, one in the west from Hindanu to Anat, the other up to Babylonia. This small state was led by monarchs bearing the title of saknu, i.e. "governors", most probably inherited from the Medio-Assyrian period. The saknus developed a military system able to protect their state from foreign aggressions, like raids led by Aramean tribes. To do so, they built an army around a palatial core. In case of major risk, this army was supplemented by levees of part of the population. To ensure control of both the river banks and the desert roads, the saknus built or maintained fortress where specific troops were garrisoned. It is, for instance, the case of the cavalry units based in the forts guarding the wells, the ablest soldiers to patrol the desert.Rocio Da Riva - The Empire at war. Considerations on the military aspect of the Neo-Babylonian dynasty: the site of Nahr el-Kalb in Lebanon (p. 115-122). Few stages of ancient Mesopotamian history are so dominated by the vicissitudes of war as the period of the Neo-Babylonian Empire (626-539 BCE). This empire emerged as the result of military victory over Assyria, and disappeared in the wake of defeat by Persia. Military enterprises were a constant feature of the empire's 88-year history, and were a very important factor in the transformation of the economy. But the importance of war stretched beyond the economic sphere. Among the best-documented episodes of the military history of the period were the Neo-Babylonian campaigns in Syria and the Levant, which began with Nebuchadnezzar II. Lebanon, due to its geographical position and its contacts with the major powers, occupied a key strategic position in the Near East. The Neo-Babylonian kings continued the military policy of their Assyrian predecessors in the area, and the most impressive evidence of their activities is provided by the memorials in Lebanon, especially at the site of Nahr el-Kalb.Jordi Vidal - Military conscription in Ugarit (p. 123-133).The aim of this article is to analyse military conscriptions in Ugaritian villages as documented in the texts from Ras Shamra and Ras Ibn Hani. The study carried out confirms that 1/ most of the militia came from the largest villages of the kingdom 2/ the maximum men that could be recruited was around 2,000-3,000 men, and 3/ the militia was actively involved in the military conflicts of the 1200 BCE crisis.Bruno Gombert - Recruitement and mobilization of armed forces in Babylonia from the 6th century BC. to the 4th century BC. (p. 135-150).Babylonian chronicles which briefly describe military campaigns launched by Neo Babylonian Kings in order made possible the execution of their imperial project, give very few details about certain aspects of the running of the army. However, they mention a key point of departure in expedition: the mobilization of troops. The economical documentation produced in Babylonia during both Neo Babylonian and Persian periods allows us to increase our understanding of this moment. Indeed, through private of Babylonian business man and temple archives, we can see what are the legal basis of the recruitment, how the various recruitment elements are employed to fill the ranks of Neo Babylonian army, and later the Persian one, who are the officers in charge of the levy, how the mobilization order is spreading, ... Moreover, the analysis of functioning of the mobilization help us to draw a partial picture of the Neo Babylonian army's composition and structure.Guillaume Gernez - History of tripartite spearheads in the Ancient Near East (4th-2nd millennium BCE) (p. 151-180).Tripartite spearheads are among the most ancient metal weapons designed in the Near East, in the 4th millennium BCE. It is also the most widespread type until the beginning of the 2nd millennium BCE, adopted in Sumer and its neighboring regions. From 405 archaeological items discovered in hoards and graves, the proposed typology distinguishes five main groups, each one including several variants. It is now possible to reconstruct the history of tripartite spearheads on two millennia, and to observe how this model, invented in Eastern Anatolia and the Caucasus, was transmitted and transformed over time in the Southern Levant and Mesopotamia, and why he had morphological elaborations: the three main factors are linked to function, technique and culture.Fabrice De Backer - The Neo-Assyrian Lion-Headed Shields (p. 181-198). The close examination of the material, visual and textual evidence shows that the Neo-Assyrian weaponry and their combat tactics clearly changed, at the latest under Ashurnasirpal II. Until the reign of this king, concentrations or archers and heavy phalanx of pikemen or spearmen mostly composed the core of the neighbouring ancient near eastern armies, following a chariotry provided by the nobles and the wealthiest. The IX century BC saw the apparition of elite warriors wielding different variations of a small circular shield with the protom of a lion head, spikes, or both of them, of whose depiction is found until the Persian period.Jaume Llop - The weaponry of the middle Assyrian army according to the written sources (p. 199-121).The present study discusses, the defensive and offensive weapons used by the Middle Assyrian warrior. The information proceeds mainly from the archival documentation. The defensive weapons were the helmet (qurpisu) or hat (kubsu), armour (*sariu) and the shield (arittu). The offensive weapons can be divided into those used for close combat and weapons for distance combat. The close combat weapons are the stick (ha u), the whip (ma?ittu), possibly the mace (kakku), the dagger or sword (patru), various types of axes (?a innu, pasu, *paltu and ulmu) and the lance. Weapons for long range combat were the spear, the bow and arrows and the sling, used to throw projectiles.Laura Battini - Mesopotamian city gates: military dynamic and other uses (p. 223-247).The architectural analysis of gates demonstrates the existence of construction's elements determined by military reasons as well as others opposite to military reasons or not easily explained by them. Two kinds of gates were constructed during the three millennia of Mesopotamian history: one more expensive (pier gate), one simpler ("way" gate), each having specific advantages. Number of gates was most due to urban necessity as well as ideological goals better than to military ones. But their location depends on military and civil aims. From written sources, gates appear to have been used as place of meetings, judgements, administrative and economic functions, markets and religious activities.Christine Proust - Did rampart builders need mathematics? Some clues from Old Babylonian mathematical texts (p. 249-276).Few mathematical texts refer explicitly to military-related tasks. A notable exception is a small group of tablets from Old Babylonian period, which probably from Sippar or its region. Calculating the slope of a ramp of a fortress, assessing the work required for digging ditches and building walls, expanding the walls of a circular city, such are for example the problems addressed in these tablets. Were these mathematical problems designed to solve real technical problems, or, conversely, was the construction of walls a source of inspiration for the mathematical imagination of scholars little involved, actually, in the realisation of this work? What was the relationship between academic circles and milieus which were in charge of the implementation of major military work? This paper aims to provide some answers to these questions by examining a range of issues drawn from this group of mathematical tablets. Particular attention is paid to details such as the types of tablets where texts are written, errors that can be detected, the indications on the orders of magnitude - or lack of them - and the presence and content of colophons.Alice Mouton - Hittite Rituals to Perform Before or After Battle (p. 277-288). Hittite healing rituals often deal with the defilement engendered by the encounter with corpses or even by a military defeat. Other rituals are more preventive in character and are designed to protect the warrior. Sometimes ceremonies occur at the same time as the battle, in another location. This paper will present and analyze all those rituals to be performed before, during or after the battle.Catherine Wolff - On some peculiarities about the Roman army (p. 289-299). The paper is about the levy in the Roman army: methods (they were not the same all the time, but the dilectus is always based on the notion of choice), identity of the levied men (besides the Roman citizens, Roman authorities levied Latin peoples and allies too, who became Roman citizens after the Social War, and soldiers given by the conquered and allied peoples and joined together in the auxiliaries troops during the Empire) and composition of the army. Augustus deeply changed the structures of this army: the army was a non-permanent and a non-professional one during the Republic, based on the census, and it became a permanent and a professional one, with three main bodies, the garrison at Rome, the army in the provinces and the marine. It is however always a conscription army. Because of all these elements, the Roman army is special compared with the others antique armies. French description: Marco Bonechi - Les conflits en Syrie au Bronze ancien d'apres les textes d'Ebla: notes lexicales, prosopographiques et historiques (p. 17-54). L'article s'interesse a deux categories de personnel militaire de la documentation d'Ebla du IIIe mill. av. J.-C: les aga-us et les zag-us. Cette etude fondee sur une approche lexicale et prosopographique propose egalement de resituer les documents traites dans leur contexte historique. Cette approche permet d'envisager certaines hypotheses quant aux evenements qui ont marque la fin du royaume d'Ebla.Bertrand Lafont - Donnees nouvelles sur l'organisation militaire des rois d'Ur d'apres les archives de Garsana et d'Irisagrig (p. 55-67). La synthese proposee en 2008 sur l'apport des textes cuneiformes a la connaissance des institutions militaires de l'epoque neo-sumerienne (ca. 2100-2000 av. J.-C.) peut aujourd'hui etre completee par des informations inedites contenues dans deux gros lots d'archives sumeriennes recemment portes a la connaissance des historiens qu'interesse cette periode. Il s'agit des archives de Garsana d'une part, ou etait localisee une grosse garnison royale, au coeur du royaume, et des archives d'Irisagrig d'autre part, site ou les rois d'Ur semblent avoir souvent reside, accompagnes d'un grand nombre de leurs generaux et de leurs soldats. On proposera un rapide bilan des informations nouvelles qui peuvent etre tirees de ces nouveaux lots d'archives.Philippe Abrahami - Aspects de la guerre en Mesopotamie dans le corpus divinatoire (p. 69-85). Le present article s'interesse a quelques aspects de la guerre a partir des protocoles d'interrogation oraculaire, des recueils d'oracles et des lettres des devins de Mari. Les points traites concernent: les phases operationnelles qui marquent le deroulement des campagnes militaires; les procedes de la guerre de siege et l'agencement tactique des troupes dans le cadre de l'engagement en terrain ouvert. On s'interessera egalement au traitement oraculaire relatif au dispositif des forces alliees.Pierre Villard - Quelques aspects du renseignement militaire dans l'empire neo-assyrien (p. 87-97). L'une des forces de l'armee assyrienne residait dans l'efficacite du renseignement militaire. S'il n'existait pas de service autonome, l'armee disposait d'un corps de militaires specialises, les daialu, faisant selon les cas office d'eclaireurs precedant le gros de la troupe ou d'espions charges d'effectuer des missions d'infiltration en territoire ennemi. Ils operaient frequemment a partir des fortins etablis le long de frontieres sensibles, comme les montagnes du nord ou le desert arabo-syrien. La documentation montre aussi qu'ils etaient tres actifs dans les Etats vassaux, ou ils rendaient compte de leurs activites au qepu nomme par le roi assyrien. D'autre part, l'aide apportee a des notables de pays voisins complotant contre les pouvoirs en place offrait une autre source precieuse de renseignements, autorisant parfois des operations de destabilisation et de desinformation.Philippe Clancier - Le suhu dans la guerre a l'epoque neo-assyrienne (p. 99-114).Le Suhu, situe dans la region du moyen Euphrate, entre les anciennes Hindanu et Rapiqu, fut au ixe et viiie siecles tout a la fois objet de convoitise des Assyriens et espace de structuration d'un ou de plusieurs petits Etats plus ou moins autonomes. Assurna?irpal II tenta de conquerir la region mais n'arriva probablement qu'a sa division en 878. La partie orientale, depuis l'est d'Anat jusqu'a la Babylonie, bien que ponctuellement tributaire de l'Assyrie, put maintenir son independance jusqu'au regne de Tiglath-phalasar III. Ses souverains, portant le titre de saknu, gouverneur, titre probablement herite de la periode medio-assyrienne, purent developper un systeme militaire efficace, adapte aux realites multiples de la region: controle du territoire autour du fleuve; controle des voies de communication par le fleuve lui-meme et par les routes du desert parsemees de puits constituant autant d'etapes; controle des routes commerciales. Pour ce faire, les saknu ont constitue une force militaire centree sur une armee dite palatiale qui pouvait etre etoffee en cas de danger immediat comme pouvaient l'etre des raids de tribus arameennes. Pour les operations de police en milieu desertique, autour des puits, des unites de cavalerie furent constituees et installees dans des forts. En effet, le systeme militaire permanent des saknu reposait sur des fortifications erigees aux points strategiques de leur territoire, qu'il s'agisse des bords de l'Euphrate ou des secteurs arides.Rocio Da Riva - L'empire en guerre. Considerations sur l'aspect militaire de la dynastie neo-babylonienne: le site du Nahr el-Kalb au Liban (p. 115-122).Peu de periodes de l'histoire ancienne de la Mesopotamie sont aussi liees aux vicissitudes guerrieres que celle de l'empire neo-babylonien (626-539 av. J.-C.), qui emergea d'une guerre contre l'Assyrie et disparut a la suite d'une guerre contre la Perse. Pendant les 88 ans d'existence de l'empire, les entreprises militaires ont ete poursuivies regulierement. La guerre apparait donc comme un facteur tres important dans la transformation de l'economie a l'epoque neo-babylonienne. Mais son importance se manifeste au-dela de la vie economique et peut etre observee aussi dans d'autres spheres de la societe. L'un des aspects les mieux documentes de l'histoire militaire de cette periode est lie aux campagnes en Syrie et au Levant. L'intervention politique et militaire neo-babylonienne au Levant debute avec Nabuchodonosor II. Le Liban, par sa position geographique de carrefour et ses contacts avec les grandes puissances occupe une place strategique au sein du Proche-Orient. Les rois neo-babyloniens continuent la politique militaire assyrienne dans cette region et la preuve la plus impressionnante de ces activites est fournie par les monuments commemoratifs du Liban, particulierement celui du Nahr el-Kalb.Jordi Vidal - La conscription militaire a Ougarit (p. 123-133). Cet article propose une etude sur la conscription militaire au sein des villages du royaume d'Ougarit telle que la documentent les textes de Ras Shamra et de Ras Ibn Hani. L'etude confirme ainsi plusieurs points: 1/ la part la plus significative des levees provenait des grandes agglomerations rurales du royaume 2/ l'effectif maximum qui pouvait etre recrute etait de l'ordre de 2 000 a 3 000 hommes 3/ les troupes issues de ces levees ont activement participe aux conflits militaires au moment de la crise de 1200 av. J.-C.Bruno Gombert - Recrutement et mobilisation en Babylonie du vie au ive siecle av. J.-C. (p. 135-150). Les chroniques babyloniennes qui decrivent brievement les campagnes militaires lancees par les rois neo-babyloniens afin de realiser leur projet imperial, ne donnent que peu de details sur certains aspects du fonctionnement de l'armee. Cependant, elles mentionnent un moment cle du depart en expedition: la mobilisation des troupes. La documentation economique produite en Babylonie, tant durant la periode neo-babylonienne que durant la periode perse, nous permettent de parfaire notre connaissance des fondements de la mobilisation des troupes. En effet, a partir des archives privees des hommes d'affaires babyloniens ainsi que des archives des temples, il nous est possible de reconstituer les principes juridiques du recrutement, de comprendre comment les differents principes de recrutement etaient employes afin de grossir les rangs des armees (neo-babylonienne puis perse), comment l'ordre de mobilisation se diffusait, etc. Plus encore, une analyse du fonctionnement des mobilisations mourrait nous permettre de dresser une image partielle de la composition et de la structure de l'armee neo-babylonienne.Guillaume Gernez - Histoire des lances triparties a soie au Proche-Orient (IVe-IIe millenaire av. J.-C.) (p. 151-180).Les lances tripartites sont parmi les plus anciennes armes metalliques concues au Proche-Orient, des le IVe mill. av. n. e. Il s'agit aussi du modele le plus repandu jusqu'au debut du IIe millenaire, adopte en pays sumerien et dans plusieurs regions voisines. A partir de 405 exemplaires archeologiques decouverts dans les depots et les tombes, la typologie mise en place propose de distinguer cinq principaux ensembles, chacun incluant plusieurs variantes. Il est ainsi possible de reconstituer precisement l'histoire des lances tripartite sur une periode de deux millenaires, et de determiner comment ce modele, invente en Anatolie orientale et dans le Caucase, a ete transmis et transforme au cours du temps jusqu'au sud du Levant et en Mesopotamie, et pourquoi il a connu des elaborations morphologiques: les trois principaux facteurs sont d'ordre fonctionnel, technique et culturel.Fabrice De Backer - Les boucliers neo-assyriens a protome de lion (p. 181-198).L'examen attentif des sources materielles, textuelles et visuelles montre que l'armement et les tactiques de combat neo-assyriennes subirent de profonds changements au plus tard sous Assurnasirpal II. Jusqu'au regne de ce roi, les armees proche-orientales avoisinantes se composaient le plus souvent de concentrations d'archers et de lourdes phalanges de lanciers ou de piquiers, suivant une charrerie composee d'aristocrates et de ploutocrates. Le xie siecle av. J.-C. vit apparaitre des guerriers d'elite maniant differentes variantes d'un petit bouclier circulaire a protome de lion, de dards, ou orne des deux, dont on retrouve la representation jusque pendant la periode perse.Jaume Llop - L'armement des forces assyriennes a l'epoque medio-assyrienne d'apres les sources ecrites (p. 199-121).La presente etude porte sur les armes defensives et offensives utilisees par les soldats de l'epoque medio-assyrienne. Les informations sur ce sujet proviennent pour l'essentiel de documents d'archive. L'armement defensif comprenait le casque (qurpisu), le bonnet (kubsu), l'armure (*sariu) et le bouclier (arittu). Les armes offensives peuvent etre rangees en deux categories: les armes utilisees pour le corps-a-corps et celles du combat a distance. Dans la premiere categorie, on trouve le baton (ha u), le fouet (ma?ittu), probablement la masse d'arme (kakku), la dague ou l'epee (patru), differents types de hache (?a innu, pasu, *paltu and ulmu) et la lance. Pour le combat a distance etaient utilises la javeline, l'arc et la fronde.Laura Battini - Les portes urbaines mesopotamiennes: dynamique militaire et utilitaire (p. 223-247). Cet article etudie les portes urbaines mesopotamiennes essentiellement du point de vue architectural, mais en partie aussi sur le plan iconologique et textuel, comme lieux de defense et d'organisation de la vie urbaine. L'analyse architecturale des portes urbaines mesopotamiennes met en evidence la presence de caracteres determines par des raisons militaires, d'autres plutot opposes aux raisons militaires ou difficilement explicables du point de vue militaire. Elle montre aussi l'existence de deux types de portes pendant les trois millenaires d'histoire mesopotamienne, l'une plus onereuse economiquement (porte en tenaille ), l'autre plus simple (porte-passage), chacune dotee d'avantages specifiques. Le nombre des portes depend de necessites urbaines et de significations symboliques, tandis que leur emplacement est en grande partie du a des raisons militaires. Les fonctions des portes sont difficiles a saisir du pont de vue archeologique, ainsi les sources textuelles offrent plusieurs indices de leur utilisation comme lieu: de reunions, de jugements, de marches et d'echanges economiques, ainsi que de ceremonies religieuses et de proclamations publiques... D'apres l'iconographie, les portes n'etaient pas les cibles preferees dans les sieges, qui se concentraient plutot sur l'enceinte. L'apparence massive des portes devait provoquer des sensations de crainte et a ainsi diminue les risques d'attaque ( fortification dissuasive ).Christine Proust - Les batisseurs de remparts avaient-il besoin de mathematiques ? Quelques temoignages puises dans des tablettes mathematiques paleo-babyloniennes provenant de Babylonie du nord (p. 249-276).Peu de textes mathematiques font reference explicitement a des taches de nature militaire. Une exception remarquable est constituee par un petit groupe de tablettes d'epoque paleo-babylonienne provenant probablement de la region de Sippar. Calculer la pente d'une rampe d'acces a une forteresse, evaluer le travail necessaire au creusement de douves et a la construction de murailles, agrandir l'enceinte d'une ville circulaire, tels sont par exemple les problemes traites dans ces tablettes. Ces problemes mathematiques etaient-ils destines a resoudre de reels problemes techniques, ou bien, a l'inverse, la construction des remparts n'etait-elle qu'une source d'inspiration pour l'imagination mathematique d'erudits peu impliques, en realite, dans la realisation de ces travaux ? L'analyse de ces problemes peut-elle donner des indications sur les connaissances mathematiques requises pour mener a bien les travaux de construction des ouvrages de defense ? Quelles etaient les relations entre les milieux savants et les milieux qui etaient en charge de la mise en oeuvre de grands travaux militaires ? Cette contribution a pour but d'apporter quelques elements de reponse a ces questions en examinant un choix de problemes puise dans ce groupe de tablettes mathematiques. Une attention particuliere est accordee a des details tels que la typologie des tablettes ou sont inscrits les textes, les erreurs qu'on peut y detecter, les indications sur les ordres de grandeur - ou leur absence -, ainsi que la presence de colophons et leur contenu.Alice Mouton - Rituels hittites a executer avant ou apres le combat (p. 277-288).Les rituels curatifs hittites traitent souvent de la souillure occasionnee par le contact avec le corps mort voire par la defaite sur le champ de bataille. Ils fournissent aussi plusieurs techniques preventives destinees a proteger le combattant. Il arrive meme que des ceremonies aient lieu en meme temps que se deroule, dans un autre lieu, la bataille. Cette presentation offrira un tour d'horizon de ces rituels, ainsi qu'une analyse de leur contenu.Catherine Wolff - De quelques particularites concernant l'armee romaine (p. 289-299).L'article fait le point a propos de l'enrolement au sein de l'armee romaine: modalites (qui ont varie, mais le dilectus reste fonde sur la notion de choix), identite des hommes mobilises (outre les citoyens romains, sont egalement enroles les peuples et allies de nom latin, qui deviennent citoyens romains apres la guerre des Allies, et les soldats fournis par les peuples conquis et allies et regroupes dans les troupes auxiliaires a l'epoque imperiale) et composition de l'armee. Auguste a profondement modifie les structures de cette armee: de non permanente et non professionnelle qu'elle etait a l'epoque republicaine, fondee sur un principe censitaire, elle devient une armee permanente et professionnelle avec trois ensembles principaux: la garnison de Rome, l'armee stationnee dans les provinces et la marine. Elle reste cependant une armee de conscription. Tous ces elements font de l'armee romaine un cas particulier par rapport aux autres armees de l'Antiquite.


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  • ISBN-13: 9782252040157
  • Publisher: Klincksieck
  • Publisher Imprint: Klincksieck
  • Language: French
  • Returnable: N
  • Sub Title: Kakkeka Rukusma ( Ceins Tes Armes ! ) 2e Rencontre d'Histoire Militaire Du Proche-Orient Ancien (Lyon, 17-18 Octobre 2013)
  • ISBN-10: 2252040157
  • Publisher Date: 03 Jan 2017
  • Binding: Paperback
  • No of Pages: 319
  • Series Title: Revue Internationale D'Histoire Militaire Ancienne
  • Weight: 700 gr


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Revue Internationale d'Histoire Militaire Ancienne. N3/2016: Kakkeka Rukusma ( Ceins Tes Armes ! ) 2e Rencontre d'Histoire Militaire Du Proche-Orient Ancien (Lyon, 17-18 Octobre 2013)

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