Pio Nono: a study in European politics and religion in the nineteenth century
By E.E.Y. Hales

Contents

Preface

I-The Liberal Pope and His Inheritance
--Mastai Feretti, Bishop, in Pope Gregory XVI's dominion
--The beginnings of Liberal-Catholicism

II-The Reforming Pope
--Pio Nono, political reformer
--The Pope becomes a constitutional monarch
--The war against Austria
--The murder of Rossi and flight of the Pope

III-The Revolution
--Mazzini and the dogma of the people
--The Roman Republic

IV-Peace and Reconstruction
--The restoration of two hierarchies and the immaculate conception
--Peaceful development in the Papal state

V-Turin versus Rome
--The religious aggression in Piedmont
--The War of 1859
--De Merode creates a volunteer army
--Castelfidardo

VI-Napoleon and Rome
--Cavour and Pio Nono
--Napoleon and Pio Nono
--The defence of the patrimony of St. Peter

VII-Pio Nono versus Liberalism
--The syllabus of errors
--The eclipse of Liberal-Catholicism: Montalembert, Dollinger, Acton, and Pio Nono
--From the syllabus to the Vatican Council

VIII-Triumph, Defeat, and Death
--The Vatican Council
--The prisoner in the Vatican

Preface

Why, since his death in 1878, has no study appeared in England of Pio Nono?

Perhaps because he was a Pope. Yet this seems insufficient answer since he was also a leading character--at first the leading character--in that drama so dear to Englishmen, the Italian Risorgimento. And even as Pope he forced himself upon the attention of Englishmen in his day by his "Papal Aggression" in restoring the Catholic Hierarchy to England, by issuing the Syllabus of Errors, by defining Papal Infallibility, by enraging both Gladstone and Exeter Hall by reigning longer than any Pope had ever reigned, by recruiting an international army, by losing the most ancient sovereignty of Europe--the Papal State.

In an important sense Pio Nono was the central figure of the mid-nineteenth century. But we name epochs after their political arbiters, we talk of Metternich's Europe, and Bismarck's Europe, so that the period between the flight of Metternich in 1848 and the foundation of the German Empire in 1870 becomes Napoleon III's Europe--or Pamerston's. If, with Shakespeare, we were to choose for our title the suffering tragic hero, the symbolic central character, then the middle of the century would be called the age of Pio Nono--for the same reasons as Shakespeare called his plays King Lear or Othello, rather than Goneril or Iago. Those who were working for change, or for power, assailed the Pope's claims, and...

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