About the Book

• The content of this book has been totally revised.
• Enriched with redrawn multicolour diagrams.
• Primarily intended for GNM students on the syllabus prescribed by the Indian Nursing Council (INC).
• Glossary of important terms is given at the end.
• Essential guide for those preparing for Commission on Graduates of Foreign Nursing Schools (CGFNS) examination.
• Includes free practice workbook of Anatomy and Physiology for General Nursing and Midwifery (GNM) contains:
? 19 chapters similar to the main textbook.
? Figure-based questions for last minute revision.
? Long and short answer questions similar to various university examination pattern.
? Answer keys of all questions.
• The book is designed in a comprehensive way to cater the needs of nursing students.

About the Author

SM Raju Bsc MBBS MD Bindu Raju MD M Sivakumar MD

Table of Contents:
1. Introduction to the Study of Anatomy and Physiology 1 Human Body Plan 1 Homeostasis 4 Anatomical Terminology 4 Main Body Parts 6 2. Cells and Tissues 8 Cell 8 Tissues 10 Connective Tissue 11 Bone Structure 12 Epithelial Tissue 13 Muscle Tissue 14 Nerve Tissue 16 Integumentary System 17 3. Homeostasis 18 Homeostatic Mechanisms 18 4. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance 21 Fluid Balance 21 Fluid and Electrolyte Balance 21 Electrolyte Balance 23 5. Blood and Body Defense 27 Blood 27 Body Defenses 32 Immune System 32 Plasma Cells vs Memory Cells 36 Active Immunity vs Passive Immunity 37 Cell-mediated Immunity 37 Vaccination and the Immune System 38 Blood Typing 38 Erythroblastosis Fetalis (Rh Disease) 40 6. Lymphatic System 41 Basic Anatomy 42 Normal Physiology 44 7. Integumentary System 46 Epidermis 46 Dermis 47 Hypodermis (Subcutaneous Layer) 48 Thermoregulation 48xvi Anatomy and Physiology for General Nursing & Midwifery (GNM) Conditions/Disorders Affecting Integumentary System 49 Hair 50 Nails 51 8. Skeletal System 52 Skeleton 52 Structure of Bones 52 Classification of Bones 54 Development of Bones 54 Skeletal Organization 56 Bone Fractures and their Repair 56 Vertebral Column 57 Bony Thorax 61 Shoulder Girdle and Bones of Upper Limb 63 Bones of the Lower Limb 66 Bones of the Foot 68 Bones of the Skull 69 Sutures of the Cranium 71 Fontanels 71 Sinuses of the Skull 72 Head Injuries 73 Joints of the Bones 73 Arthroscopy 81 Arthroplasty 81 9. Surface Anatomy 83 Surface Anatomy of Head 83 Relationship Between Sternum and Vertebral Column 84 Abdomen 84 10. Urinary System 87 Urinary System 87 Micturition Reflex 88 Structure/Functions of Kidney 88 Urine Formation 90 Normal Constituents of Urine 91 Kidney Function Tests (Renal Function Tests) 91 Diseases of Renal System 94 11. Endocrine System 100 Types of Hormones 100 Mechanism of Hormonal Action 101 Endocrine Glands 102 12. Cardiovascular System 110 Systemic Circulation 110 Pulmonary Circulation 110 Heart 111 Circulatory System 117 Arterial System 119Contents xvii Venous System 123 Cardiac Catheterization 125 Blood Pressure 125 13. Muscular System 130 Types of Muscle Tissue 130 Muscle Structure 131 Muscle Contraction 132 How Muscles and Bones Interact? 133 Muscles of the Head and Neck 135 Muscles of Shoulder Girdle and Upper Limb 136 Muscles of the Lower Limb 140 Muscle Disorders 141 14. Respiratory System 143 Respiration 143 Human Respiratory System 143 Mechanism of Breathing 146 Problems Associated with the Respiratory Tract and Breathing 149 Nutrition for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients 151 15. Nutrients 152 Nutrition 152 16. Digestive System 156 Gastrointestinal Tract 156 Mechanism of Digestion 162 Peritoneum and Peritoneal Reflections 163 Jaundice 163 Liver Function Tests 164 Grading Liver Function by Child-Turcotte Classification 167 17. Human Reproductive System 168 Male Reproductive System 168 Diseases that Affect Male Reproductive System 170 Contraception for Men 171 Female Reproductive System 172 Menstrual Cycle 174 Fertilization and Development 175 Birth/Parturition 176 Lactation 176 Fetal Circulation 178 Infertility 178 Birth Control 179 Sexually Transmitted Diseases 180 18. Organs of Special Senses 181 Tongue and Taste 181 Nose and Smell 182xviii Anatomy and Physiology for General Nursing & Midwifery (GNM) Ear and Hearing 183 Sense of Balance 186 Eye and Vision 187 Visual Pathway 188 Skin, Touch and Related Senses 189 19. Nervous System 191 Neurons and Nervous System 191 Meninges 193 Ventricular System of the Brain 194 Brain 194 Spinal Cord 200 Peripheral Nervous System 200 Autonomic Nervous System 203 Pathology 207 Glossary 209 Index 213