Postgraduate Textbook of Pediatrics is a comprehensive guide to paediatrics. The textbook is comprised of three volumes, split into ten parts with over 600 chapters, and contributions from over 50 section editors and 725 authors, covering all paediatric disorders, descriptions of diseases and their management. - The first volume covers general paediatrics and neonatology, beginning with a general introduction, and basic sciences as applied to paediatrics. Also covered are intensive care and emergencies, the newborn, childhood and adolescence. - The second volume covers infections and systemic diseases, featuring a range of infections from bacterial, to viral and fungal, and systemic disorders including gastrointestinal, respiratory and cardiovascular. - The third volume covers systemic disorders further, including neurological, eye and skin disorders. This volume also covers social paediatrics including sections on vulnerable children and community paediatrics. Postgraduate Textbook of Pediatrics includes nearly 1500 images and illustrations in full colour, incorporating information on modern imaging techniques for neurological disorders in children. The textbook also includes appendices for laboratory values and drug doses. This is an ideal resource for postgraduate students to gain a firm grounding in, and retain and improve their knowledge of all areas of paediatric medicine. Key Points Thoroughly comprehensive, three volume guide to paediatrics Over 50 section editors and 725 contributing authors 1479 full colour images and illustrations

Table of Contents:
Contents PART I: Pediatrics—Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow Section 1: INTRODUCTION TO PEDIATRICS Section Editors Piyush Gupta, PSN Menon 1.1 Evolution of Pediatrics 1 KN Agarwal 1.2 20 Milestones in the History of Pediatrics 5 Santosh K Bhargava 1.3 Status of Child Health 7 RN Srivastava 1.4 Millennium Development Goals for Child Health 10 Raju C Shah, Pratima Shah, Kunal Ahya 1.5 Evidence-based Care in Pediatrics 14 Joseph L Mathew PART II: Basic Sciences as Applied to Pediatrics Section 2: GENETICS AND GENETIC DISORDERS Section Editor Shubha R Phadke 2.1 Gene, Genome and Genetic Basis of Diseases 19 Girisha KM 2.2 Patterns of Inheritance 24 Prajnya Ranganath, Shubha R Phadke 2.3 Clinical Dysmorphology: An Approach to Bedside Diagnosis 31 Ratna Dua Puri 2.4 Chromosomal Disorders 36 Shagun Aggarwal, Ashwin Dalal 2.5 Management of Genetic Disorders and Genetic Counseling 46 Shubha R Phadke 2.6 Prevention of Genetic Disorders 52 Neerja Gupta, Madhulika Kabra Section 3: METABOLIC DISORDERS Section Editors Madhulika Kabra, Neerja Gupta 3.1 Approach to Inborn Errors of Metabolism 57 Chitra Prasad, CA Rupar 3.2 Defects of Amino Acid Metabolism 65 Anil B Jalan, Ketki V Kudalkar 3.3 Urea Cycle Disorders 73 Sunita Bijarnia-Mahay 3.4 Organic Acidemias 80 Neerja Gupta 3.5 Fatty Acid Oxidation Defects 86 Manisha Goyal, Seema Kapoor 3.6 Mitochondrial Disorders 90 Sheffali Gulati, Biswaroop Chakrabarty 3.7 Peroxisomal Disorders 95 Madhulika Kabra, Neerja Gupta 3.8 Lysosomal Storage Disorders 99 IC Verma 3.9 GM1 and GM2 Gangliosidosis 106 Parag M Tamhankar 3.10 Gaucher Disease 109 Mamta Muranjan 3.11 Niemann-Pick Disease 118 Ashwin Dalal 3.12 Fabry Disease 122 Ratna Dua Puri 3.13 Defects of Carbohydrate Metabolism 126 Kausik Mandal 3.14 Glycogen Storage Diseases 132 Priya S Kishnani, Stephanie Austin 3.15 Pompe Disease 136 Mari Mori, Priya S Kishnani 3.16 Mucopolysaccharidoses 139 Girisha KM 3.17 Approach to Hypoglycemia 143 Meenakshi Bothra, Vandana Jain 3.18 Porphyrias 149 Meenal Agarwal, Shubha R Phadke 3.19 Newborn Screening 153 Seema Kapoor, Madhulika Kabra Section 4: IMMUNITY, IMMUNE DISORDERS AND ALLERGY Section Editors Surjit Singh, Amit Rawat 4.1 Basics of Immunology 157 Amit Rawat, Biman Saikia Volume 1: General Pediatrics and Neonatology PG Textbook of Pediatrics xxxvi 4.2 Laboratory Diagnosis of Immune-mediated Diseases 163 Biman Saikia, Deepti Suri 4.3 Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders 170 Manisha Madkaikar 4.4 Therapy for Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders 177 Revathi Raj, Surjit Singh 4.5 Intravenous Immunoglobulin 178 Sujoy Khan, Surjit Singh 4.6 Approach to a Child with Allergic Disorder 183 H Paramesh Section 5: FLUID AND ELECTROLYTES Section Editor Rakesh Lodha 5.1 Body Fluids 186 Raghuvamsi Chaitra, Suchitra Ranjit 5.2 Maintenance Fluid Therapy 190 Banani Poddar, Kirti M Naranje 5.3 Acid-Base Equilibrium 194 Dinesh Raj, Rakesh Lodha 5.4 Abnormalities of Acid-Base Balance 198 Dinesh Raj, Rakesh Lodha 5.5 Sodium and Related Disorders 203 Andrew C Argent, Mignon I McCulloch 5.6 Potassium 208 Virendra Kumar 5.7 Magnesium Balance 211 Virendra Kumar Section 6: DRUGS AND THERAPEUTICS Section Editor Sandeep B Bavdekar 6.1 Principles of Drug Therapy 214 Sandeep B Bavdekar 6.2 Administration of Medications 218 Jeeson C Unni PART III: Intensive Care and Emergencies Section 7: ACUTELY ILL CHILD AND RESUSCITATION Section Editor Rakesh Lodha 7.1 Assessment and Triage 223 Jayashree M, Sunit Singhi 7.2 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation 226 Utpal Bhalala, Vijay Srinivasan 7.3 Basic Life Support 230 Shalu Gupta 7.4 Pediatric Advanced Life Support 233 Banani Poddar Section 8: INTENSIVE CARE Section Editor Rakesh Lodha 8.1 Pediatric Intensive Care Unit 244 Dhiren Gupta, Neeraj Gupta, Manpreet Sethi 8.2 Shock 247 Srinivas Murthy, Niranjan Kissoon 8.3 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome 253 Venkat Shankar 8.4 Respiratory Failure 259 Lokesh Guglani 8.5 Mechanical Ventilation 266 Dinesh Raj, Rakesh Lodha 8.6 Sedation and Analgesia 274 Venkat Shankar Section 9: POISONING AND ENVENOMATION Section Editor Rakesh Lodha 9.1 Clinical Approach to a Poisoned Child 280 P Ramesh Menon 9.2 Poisonings by Common Drugs 285 Indumathy Santhanam, Sharada Sathish 9.3 Hydrocarbon Poisoning 292 Jayashree M, Karthi N 9.4 Poisoning in the Household 294 Narayanan P, Harikrishnan KN 9.5 Corrosive Poisoning 302 Urmila Jhamb 9.6 Snakebite 306 S Mahadevan, R Ramesh Kumar 9.7 Scorpion Sting 316 S Mahadevan, R Ramesh Kumar Section 10: CHILDHOOD INJURIES Section Editor Rakesh Lodha 10.1 Trauma: Stabilization, Triage and Transport 323 Shruti Kant, Manu Madhok 10.2 Drowning/Submersion Injuries 328 Arun Bansal 10.3 Animal Related Injuries 330 Arun Kumar Baranwal 10.4 Pediatric Burns 334 K Mathangi Ramakrishnan, V Jayaraman, T Mathivanan, V Srinivasan 10.5 Cold Injuries 342 Manu Madhok, Shruti Kant Contents xxxvii PART IV: The Newborn Infant Section 11: NEONATAL PHYSIOLOGY AND ORGANIZATION OF CARE Section Editor Siddarth Ramji 11.1 Fetal Physiology and Growth 349 Deepak Chawla 11.2 Maternal Influence on the Fetus 352 Jayashree Mondkar, Swati Manerkar 11.3 Transition of the Fetus to Newborn 355 Siddarth Ramji 11.4 Neonatal Mortality and Morbidities: An Overview 358 Aparna Chandrasekaran, M Jeeva Sankar 11.5 Organization of Neonatal Care 363 Subhash Chandra Shaw, Vinod K Paul Section 12: NORMAL NEWBORN Section Editor Siddarth Ramji 12.1 Delivery Room Care of the Newborn 368 Siddarth Ramji 12.2 Assessment of the Newborn 372 Harish Chellani, Sugandha Arya 12.3 Care of the Normal Newborn 379 Somashekhar Nimbalkar 12.4 Maintenance of Temperature 382 Suksham Jain, Ravish Singhal 12.5 Breastfeeding and Lactation Management 387 NB Mathur Section 13: DISORDERS OF WEIGHT AND GESTATION Section Editor Siddarth Ramji 13.1 Low Birthweight: Classification and Etiology 392 Ruchi Nimish Nanavati 13.2 Prematurity and Intrauterine Growth Restriction 396 Ashok Kumar, Sriparna Basu 13.3 Feeding of Low Birthweight 401 Kanya Mukhopadhyay 13.4 Long-term Outcome of Low Birthweight 406 Suman Rao PN, Nikhil Kulkarni 13.5 Postmaturity 410 Reeta Bora, Pranay Phukan 13.6 Large for Gestational Age 413 Rhishikesh Thakre 13.7 Multiple Gestations 416 Mamta Jajoo Section 14: HIGH-RISK NEWBORN Section Editor Siddarth Ramji 14.1 Recognition of High-risk Neonate 421 Niranjan Thomas, Vijay Gupta 14.2 Birth Injuries 429 Neeraj Gupta 14.3 Jaundice in the Newborn 435 Sheila S Mathai, Kannan Venkatnarayan 14.4 Infant of Diabetic Mother 445 Srinivas Murki, Tejo Oleti Pratap 14.5 Neonatal Hypoglycemia 449 Shiv Sajan Saini, Praveen Kumar 14.6 Anemia and Polycythemia 455 Venkataseshan Sundaram, Bikramjit Das 14.7 The Bleeding Neonate 463 Arun Kumar 14.8 Hemorrhagic Disease of the Newborn 468 JN Sharma 14.9 Thrombocytopenia in the Newborn 470 Pradeep Sharma 14.10 Cyanosis in the Newborn 471 K Anil Kuruvilla, Vijay Gupta 14.11 Necrotizing Enterocolitis 478 Krishna Kumar Diwakar 14.12 Retinopathy of Prematurity 484 Ashish Jain, Veeraraja B Sathenahalli, Karobi Lahiri Coutinho 14.13 Neonatal Transport 489 Neelam Kler, Anup Thakur 14.14 Follow-up of the High-Risk Neonate 494 Shuchita Gupta Section 15: NEONATAL INFECTIONS Section Editor Siddarth Ramji 15.1 Neonatal Sepsis 503 Suman Chaurasia, Ramesh Agarwal 15.2 Superficial Infections 509 Sriparna Basu, Ashok Kumar 15.3 Meningitis in the Newborn 514 Kumutha Jayaraman, Manigandan Chandrasekaran 15.4 Deep-seated Infections 520 Kumutha Jayaraman, Manigandan Chandrasekaran 15.5 Neonatal Tetanus 524 Mala Kumar, Shalini Tripathi 15.6 Intrauterine Infections 526 Sriparna Basu, Ashok Kumar PG Textbook of Pediatrics xxxviii Section 16: NEUROLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF THE NEWBORN INFANT Section Editor Siddarth Ramji 16.1 Seizures in the Neonates 534 Amit Upadhyay, Pranjali Saxena 16.2 Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy 539 B Vishnu Bhat, B Adhisivam 16.3 Intraventricular Hemorrhage and White Matter Injury 546 Shamik Trivedi, Amit M Mathur Section 17: RESPIRATORY PROBLEMS OF THE NEWBORN INFANT Section Editor Siddarth Ramji 17.1 Approach to a Neonate with Respiratory Distress 553 Swarna Rekha Bhat 17.2 Neonatal Apnea 556 Manoj Modi 17.3 Neonatal Ventilation 559 Sourabh Dutta 17.4 Hyaline Membrane Disease 564 Praveen Kumar, Anuj Bhatti 17.5 Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn 571 Srinivas Murki 17.6 Meconium Aspiration Syndrome 573 Naveen Jain 17.7 Pulmonary Air Leaks in the Newborn 575 Manish Balde, Sanjay Wazir 17.8 Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension 580 Neeraj Gupta 17.9 Pulmonary Hemorrhage 587 Emily F Fishman, Rakesh Rao 17.10 Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Newborn 592 Samir Gupta, Sunil K Sinha Section 18: NEONATAL MALFORMATIONS Section Editor Siddarth Ramji 18.1 Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula 597 Yogesh Kumar Sarin, Shalini Sinha 18.2 Diaphragmatic Hernia and Eventration 601 Shalini Sinha, Yogesh Kumar Sarin 18.3 Gastrointestinal and Abdominal Malformations 606 Satish Kumar Aggarwal 18.4 Genitourinary Malformations 616 Satish Kumar Aggarwal 18.5 CNS Malformations 625 Nidhi Sugandhi, Veereshwar Bhatnagar PART V: The Childhood Years Section 19: GROWTH: NORMAL AND ABNORMAL Section Editor Anju Seth 19.1 Normal Growth 635 Ruchi Mishra, Vandana Jain 19.2 Factors Affecting Growth 638 Devi Dayal, Anil Kumar Bhalla 19.3 Assessment of Physical Growth 641 Anju Seth, Rajni Sharma 19.4 Dental Development and Anomalies 667 Sunanda Roychoudhury, Shakil Ahmed Nagori, Ajoy Roychoudhury 19.5 Bone Age and Predicted Final Height 676 M Vijayakumar, Anju Seth 19.6 Failure to Thrive 678 Sudha Rao Chandrashekhar 19.7 Overweight and Obesity 684 Rajesh Khadgawat, Aashima Dabas 19.8 Abnormalities of Stature 691 Senthil Senniappan, Leena Patel Section 20: DEVELOPMENT AND DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY Section Editors Anand Pandit, Sudha Chaudhari 20.1 Introduction to Development, Laws of Development, and Factors Affecting Development 701 Satnam Kaur 20.2 Normal Development 704 Ujjwal Nene 20.3 Approach to Diagnosis of Developmental Delay: Development Screening and Surveillance 710 Sudha Chaudhari 20.4 Global Developmental Delay 717 Madhuri Kulkarni, Mona P Gajre 20.5 Intellectual Disability 721 Suja Koshy 20.6 Visual Impairment 730 Nikhil Rishikeshi, Sucheta Kulkarni 20.7 Hearing Impairment 732 Neelam Vaid 20.8 Cerebral Palsy 736 Sharmila Banerjee Mukherjee Contents Section 21: BEHAVIOR AND LEARNING xxxix Section Editors Monica Juneja, Devendra Mishra 21.1 Moral Development 750 Prahbhjot Malhi, Rajalakshmi Iyer 21.2 Sleep Hygiene and Disorders of Sleep 752 Suresh Kotagal 21.3 Common Behavioral Problems 758 Praveen Suman 21.4 Enuresis and Encopresis 761 Piyush Gupta, Ruchi Mishra 21.5 Breath-holding Spells 766 Sumaira Khalil, Devendra Mishra 21.6 Common Speech, Language and Communication Disorders 768 Prathibha Karanth 21.7 Autism Spectrum Disorder 774 Monica Juneja, Rahul Jain 21.8 Rett Syndrome 779 Monica Juneja, Rajni Khajuria 21.9 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 782 Rajesh Sagar, Rohit Verma 21.10 Oppositional Defiant and Conduct Disorders 788 Rajesh Sagar, Rajeev Ranjan 21.11 Learning Disabilities 792 Nandini Mundkur, Chitra Sankar 21.12 Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia 795 Koushik Sinha Deb, Rajesh Sagar 21.13 Anxiety Disorders 798 Shoba Srinath, Preeti Kandasamy 21.14 Evaluation of Mental Well-being 800 Manju Mehta, Sneh Kapoor 21.15 Management of Psychological Illness 802 Paul Russell Section 22: NUTRITION AND NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS Section Editors KE Elizabeth, Piyush Gupta 22.1 Nutrient Groups and Nutritional Requirements 807 KE Elizabeth, S Bindusha 22.2 Nutritive Values of Foods 811 Neetu Sharma, Piyush Gupta 22.3 Infant and Young Child Feeding 820 JP Dadhich 22.4 Feeding during Childhood and Food Allergy 824 KE Elizabeth, S Bindusha 22.5 Undernutrition: Prevalence and Etiology 827 Piyush Gupta, Neetu Sharma 22.6 Pathophysiology of Undernutrition 834 OP Mishra 22.7 Protein Energy Malnutrition 836 KE Elizabeth 22.8 Severe Acute Malnutrition 841 Praveen Kumar, Preeti Singh 22.9 Vitamin A 848 Neetu Sharma, Piyush Gupta 22.10 Vitamin B Complex Deficiency 853 Vineeta Gupta 22.11 Vitamin C and Scurvy 857 Tejinder Singh, Shaveta Kundra 22.12 Vitamin D, Nutritional Rickets and Hypervitaminosis D 860 S Balasubramanian 22.13 Iodine Deficiency Disorders 864 Umesh Kapil, Neha Sareen 22.14 Zinc in Child Health 867 Shashi Ajit Chiplonkar 22.15 Trace Elements in Nutrition and Health 871 P Leelakumari, KE Elizabeth 22.16 Fluorosis 873 Sunil Kumar Gupta 22.17 Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition 878 Ashish Bavdekar 22.18 Nutrition in the 21st Century  883 Gouri Rao Passi, Piyush Gupta 22.19 National Nutrition Programs 886 Dipty Jain, Veena Kamat, Vinit Warthe Section 23: IMMUNIZATION Section Editors Vipin M Vashishtha, Ajay Kalra 23.1 Basic Concepts of Vaccination 889 Chandrakant Lahariya 23.2 Vaccine Administration Practices 897 Satish V Pandya 23.3 Scheduling of Vaccines 900 Vipin M Vashishtha 23.4 Vaccine Storage and Cold Chain 906 Karan Singh Sagar, Manish Jain 23.5 Adverse Events Following Immunization 911 Ajay Kalra 23.6 BCG Vaccine 915 Sangeeta Sharma 23.7 Poliovirus Vaccines 918 Puneet Kumar, Vipin M Vashishtha 23.8 Diphtheria, Tetanus and Pertussis Vaccines 923 Puneet Kumar, Vipin M Vashishtha PG Textbook of Pediatrics xl 23.9 Hepatitis B Vaccine 927 Ajay Kalra 23.10 Haemophilus influenzae Type B (HIB) Vaccines 930 AK Patwari 23.11 Measles Vaccine 932 Sumit Mehndiratta, AP Dubey 23.12 Rubella and Mumps Vaccines 934 Aashima Dabas, Piyush Gupta 23.13 Typhoid Fever Vaccines 936 Sushant Sahastrabuddhe, Mohammad Imran Khan 23.14 Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine 939 VG Ramachandran 23.15 Rabies Vaccines 941 Anuradha Bose 23.16 Pneumococcal Vaccines 944 Puneet Kumar, Vipin M Vashishtha 23.17 Rotavirus Vaccines 948 Gagandeep Kang 23.18 Cholera Vaccines 950 Monjori Mitra 23.19 Varicella Vaccine 951 Rakesh Kumar 23.20 Hepatitis A Vaccine 953 Vikram Gagneja, AJ Chitkara 23.21 Meningococcal Vaccine 955 Jaydeep Choudhury 23.22 Seasonal and Pandemic Influenza Vaccines 956 Shobha Broor 23.23 Human Papillomavirus Vaccines 961 Srinivas G Kasi 23.24 Yellow Fever Vaccine 965 Parang N Mehta 23.25 Combination Vaccines 966 Niranjan Shendurnikar, Sheila Aiyer 23.26 Immunization in Special Situations 969 Panna Choudhury PART VI: The Adolescent Section 24: ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT Section Editor MKC Nair 24.1 Adolescence and Adolescent 973 MKC Nair, Paul Russell 24.2 Sexual Development and Sexuality 976 Chandrika Rao 24.3 Psychosocial Development 980 Yamuna S Section 25: HEALTH ISSUES IN ADOLESCENCE Section Editor MKC Nair 25.1 Factors Influencing Adolescent Health 987 Sukanta Chatterjee 25.2 Adolescent Nutrition 992 Preeti M Galagali 25.3 Mental Health 998 Priya Mary Mammen 25.4 Injuries, Violence and Suicide 1003 Srikanta Basu 25.5 Menstrual Disorders and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome 1010 Amita Suneja, Richa Aggarwal 25.6 Sexually Transmitted Infections 1018 Newton Luiz 25.7 Teenage Pregnancy 1022 Amita Suneja, Richa Aggarwal Section 26: CARE OF ADOLESCENTS Section Editor MKC Nair 26.1 Promoting Health of Adolescents 1025 Harish K Pemde, Kamlesh Harish 26.2 Adolescent Counseling 1029 Atul M Kanikar 26.3 Adolescent Friendly Health Services 1036 Rajesh Mehta, Neena Raina, Patanjali Dev Nayar Volume 2: Infections and Systemic Disorders PART VII: Infectious Diseases Section 27: BASIC CONCEPTS Section Editors Jaydeep Choudhury, Piyush Gupta 27.1 Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases 1041 VG Ramachandran, Piyush Gupta 27.2 Laboratory Diagnosis of Infection 1046 Sankar Sengupta 27.3 Antimicrobial Resistance 1050 Anuradha De 27.4 Infection Control and Prevention 1056 Jaydeep Choudhury Contents Section 28: FEVER xli Section Editor Piyush Gupta 28.1 Approach to a Child with Fever 1061 Bhavna Dhingra, Piyush Gupta 28.2 Fever: General Principles of Management 1063 Piyush Gupta, Bhavna Dhingra 28.3 Fever without Focus 1066 Piyush Gupta, Bhavna Dhingra 28.4 Fever of Unknown Origin 1068 Bhavna Dhingra, Piyush Gupta Section 29: BACTERIAL INFECTIONS Section Editors Jaydeep Choudhury, Piyush Gupta 29.1 Natural History of Bacterial Infection 1071 VG Ramachandran, Piyush Gupta 29.2 Principles of Antibiotic Therapy 1073 Anita Shet 29.3 Diphtheria 1080 Prerna Batra, Piyush Gupta 29.4 Pertussis 1084 Piyush Gupta, Prerna Batra 29.5 Tetanus 1087 Jaydeep Choudhury 29.6 Typhoid Fever 1088 Apurba Ghosh, Monjori Mitra 29.7 Nontyphoidal Salmonellosis 1092 Thangavelu Sangaralingam, Janani Ravi 29.8 Haemophilus influenzae B Infections 1095 Somu Sivabalan 29.9 Pneumococcal Infections 1098 Meenu Singh, Nishant Jaiswal 29.10 Streptococcal Infections 1100 Pramod Sharma 29.11 Staphylococcal Infections 1103 Zaki Syed 29.12 Neisseria Infections 1108 Vidushi Mahajan 29.13 Pseudomonas Infections 1110 Nupur Ganguly 29.14 Leptospirosis 1112 Janani Sankar 29.15 Plague 1114 Baldev S Prajapati, Rajal B Prajapati, Piyush Gupta 29.16 Brucellosis 1117 Sriram Krishnamurthy 29.17 Relapsing Fever 1120 P Ramachandran 29.18 Lyme Disease 1122 P Ramachandran 29.19 Nocardiosis 1124 Subhasish Bhattacharyya 29.20 Actinomycosis 1126 Subhasish Bhattacharyya 29.21 Helicobacter pylori 1127 John Matthai, Sarah Paul 29.22 Anaerobic Infections 1129 Rekha Harish, Anuj Bhatti Section 30: MYCOBACTERIAL INFECTIONS Section Editor Soumya Swaminathan 30.1 Antitubercular Drugs 1132 Geetha Ramachandran 30.2 Tuberculosis 1136 Soumya Swaminathan, N Pooranagangadevi, Ben J Marais 30.3 Atypical Mycobacterial Infections 1145 C Padmapriyadarsini, Soumya Swaminathan 30.4 Leprosy 1149 Rajeshwar Dayal, Manoj Kumar Singh Section 31: VIRAL DISEASES Section Editors Ashok Kumar Dutta, Piyush Gupta 31.1 Epidemiology of Viral Infections 1153 VG Ramachandran, Piyush Gupta 31.2 Poliomyelitis 1155 Ashok Kumar Dutta 31.3 Measles 1157 Shilpa Khanna Arora, Piyush Gupta 31.4 Mumps 1161 Shilpa Khanna Arora, Piyush Gupta 31.5 Rubella 1164 Pooja Dewan, Piyush Gupta 31.6 Varicella 1167 Piyush Gupta, Aashima Dabas 31.7 Parvoviral Infections 1170 Jagdish Chandra, Anu Maheshwari 31.8 Roseola Infections 1175 Swati Singhal 31.9 Viral Hepatitis 1177 Amit Goel, Chhavi Nanda 31.10 Rabies 1181 Jaydeep Choudhury PG Textbook of Pediatrics xlii 31.11 Japanese Encephalitis 1184 Rashmi Kumar, Piyush Tripathi 31.12 Infectious Mononucleosis 1188 Rashmi Ranjan Das 31.13 Enteroviral Infections 1192 Annapurna Sudarsanam 31.14 Herpes Simplex Infections 1196 Niranjan Mohanty, Pradeep S 31.15 Influenza 1200 Sonal Kansra, Alison Scott 31.16 Dengue 1203 Piyush Gupta, Aashima Dabas 31.17 Chikungunya Fever 1210 Rajniti Prasad 31.18 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers 1212 Nigam Prakash Narain, Priya Verma 31.19 HIV and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome 1215 Milind S Tullu, Chhaya Divecha Section 32: PARASITIC INFECTIONS AND INFESTATIONS Section Editors Ritabrata Kundu, Piyush Gupta 32.1 Epidemiology of Parasitic Infections 1230 Piyush Gupta, VG Ramachandran 32.2 Malaria 1232 Ritabrata Kundu 32.3 Leishmaniasis 1237 Shyam Sundar, Jaya Chakravarty 32.4 Amebiasis 1243 Piyush Gupta, Aashima Dabas 32.5 Giardiasis 1247 Aashima Dabas, Piyush Gupta 32.6 Cryptosporidiosis 1249 Aashima Dabas, Piyush Gupta 32.7 Ascariasis 1250 Sutapa Ganguly 32.8 Hookworm Infestation 1253 Maitreyi Basu, Sutapa Ganguly 32.9 Trichuriasis 1256 Sutapa Ganguly 32.10 Enterobiasis 1257 Dhrubojyoti Mridha, Sutapa Ganguly 32.11 Strongyloidiasis 1259 Ravi Ambey, Tripty Naik 32.12 Trichinosis 1261 Akash Bang, Puja Hingorani 32.13 Filariasis 1263 Ajay Gaur 32.14 Intestinal, Liver and Lung Flukes 1267 Vikas Jain 32.15 Tapeworm Diseases 1270 Ruchi Rai 32.16 Hydatid Disease: Echinococcosis 1274 SK Gupta 32.17 Schistosomiasis 1277 Ritabrata Kundu, Devdeep Mukherjee Section 33: FUNGAL INFECTIONS Section Editor Piyush Gupta 33.1 Fungi 1280 VG Ramachandran, Piyush Gupta 33.2 Antifungal Therapy 1280 Arunaloke Chakrabarti, Prashant Sood 33.3 Candidiasis 1285 Kheya Ghosh Uttam 33.4 Aspergillosis 1288 Kana Ram Jat 33.5 Cryptococcosis 1291 Ankit Parakh 33.6 Coccidioidomycosis 1294 James Homans, Yee Aye 33.7 Blastomycosis 1299 G Raghurama Rao 33.8 Histoplasmosis 1300 S Nivedhana, S Balasubramanian 33.9 Pneumocystis jirovecii (previously classified as P. carinii) 1303 Ira Shah, Khushnuma Mullanfiroze Section 34: RICKETTSIAL AND OTHER INFECTIONS Section Editors S Balasubramanian, Piyush Gupta 34.1 Epidemiology, Classification, and Approach to Diagnosis of Rickettsial Infections 1306 Narendra Rathi 34.2 Spotted Fevers 1309 Atul A Kulkarni 34.3 Scrub Typhus 1312 Veena R Parmar 34.4 Epidemic Typhus 1314 Sunil Vaidya, Atul A Kulkarni 34.5 Murine Typhus (Endemic Typhus) 1315 Govind Benakatti, LH Bidari Contents xliii 34.6 Mycoplasma Infections 1317 Tanu Singhal 34.7 Chlamydial Infections 1319 Sulochana Putali Bai PART VIII: Systemic Disorders Section 35: GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS Section Editors A Riyaz, John Matthai 35.1 Anatomy and Physiology 1321 S Arivu Selvan 35.2 Common Symptoms of Gastrointestinal Diseases 1325 Sarah Paul, John Matthai 35.3 Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate 1327 VS Akbar Sherif, Sayed Mohammed Akbar 35.4 Dental Caries 1329 Madhu S 35.5 Recurrent Parotitis 1333 Prakash Agarwal 35.6 Vomiting 1334 Sumathi Bavanandam 35.7 Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis 1337 Ketan Parikh 35.8 Gastroesophageal Reflux 1338 Elsie Jazmin Foglio, Dinesh S Pashankar 35.9 Umbilical Hernia 1342 Prakash Agarwal 35.10 Constipation 1343 Praveen Kumar, Preeti Singh 35.11 Hirschsprung Disease 1347 Ketan Parikh 35.12 Chronic Abdominal Pain 1348 B Bhaskar Raju, Sumathi Bavanandam 35.13 Acid Peptic Disease 1352 R Bhanu Vikraman Pillai 35.14 Pancreatitis 1354 A Riyaz, Geeta M Govindaraj 35.15 Practical Approach to Malabsorption 1359 VS Sankaranarayanan 35.16 Specific Malabsorption Syndromes 1362 Srinivas S 35.17 Inflammatory Bowel Disease 1364 Rishi Bolia, Anshu Srivastava 35.18 Celiac Disease 1370 Lalit Bharadia 35.19 Abdominal Tuberculosis 1375 Yogesh Waikar 35.20 Ascites 1376 Malathi Sathiyasekeran, R Ganesh 35.21 Intestinal Obstruction 1380 Ketan Parikh 35.22 Intussusception 1382 Ketan Parikh 35.23 Appendicitis 1384 Prakash Agarwal 35.24 Testicular Torsion 1386 Prakash Agarwal 35.25 Inguinal Hernia 1387 Prakash Agarwal Section 36: DIARRHEAL ILLNESSES Section Editor AK Patwari 36.1 Acute Watery Diarrhea 1389 AK Patwari 36.2 Dysentery 1396 AKM Iqbal Kabir, Lazina Sharmin 36.3 Cholera 1400 Piyush Gupta, Rashi Singhal 36.4 Persistent Diarrhea 1404 Shinjini Bhatnagar, Aashima Dabas, Dheeraj Shah 36.5 Chronic Diarrhea 1409 BR Thapa, Srikanth KP, Babu Lal Meena 36.6 Antibiotic Associated Diarrhea 1427 Seema Alam, Vikrant Sood Section 37: HEPATOBILIARY DISEASES Section Editor Surender Kumar Yachha 37.1 Applied Anatomy and Physiology of Liver and Biliary Tract 1432 Vishnu Biradar 37.2 Liver Function Tests 1435 Neelam Mohan, Sakshi Karkra 37.3 Neonatal Cholestasis 1440 Surender Kumar Yachha, Moinak Sen Sarma 37.4 Portal Hypertension 1448 Surender Kumar Yachha, Moinak Sen Sarma 37.5 Gastrointestinal Bleeding 1462 Nishant Wadhwa 37.6 Liver Abscess 1468 Upender Shava, Anshu Srivastava 37.7 Acute Hepatitis 1472 Barath Jagadisan PG Textbook of Pediatrics xliv 37.8 Chronic Liver Disease 1476 Seema Alam, Rajeev Khanna 37.9 Hepatic Encephalopathy 1489 Moinak Sen Sarma, Surender Kumar Yachha 37.10 Acute Liver Failure 1497 Anupam Sibal, Vidyut Bhatia, Akshay Kapoor 37.11 Liver Tumors 1500 Karthick Sundaram, Naresh P Shanmugam Section 38: DISORDERS OF HEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEM Section Editor VP Choudhry 38.1 The Hematopoietic System 1506 Praveen C Sobti, Shruti Kakkar 38.2 Approach to Diagnosis of Anemia 1515 MR Lokeshwar, Swati Gupta, Swati Kanakia 38.3 Anemia: Etiology and Classification 1522 Nitin Shah, Sunil Udgire 38.4 Congenital Bone Marrow Failure 1526 Maitryee Bhattacharya, Meet Kumar 38.5 Aplastic Anemia 1531 Amita Mahajan 38.6 Iron Deficiency Anemia 1535 Mamta Manglani 38.7 Megaloblastic Anemia 1541 Sangeeta Mudaliar, Bharat Agarwal 38.8 Approach to Hemolytic Anemia 1547 VP Choudhry 38.9 Hemoglobinopathies 1553 HP Pati, Deepti Mutreja 38.10 Thalassemia 1556 VP Choudhry, JS Arora 38.11 Sickle Cell Disease 1565 Vibhawari S Dani, Dipty Jain 38.12 RBC Membrane Defects 1570 Nitin Shah, Khushnuma Mullanfiroze 38.13 Red Blood Cell Enzyme Defects 1574 Manoranjan Mahapatra 38.14 Immune Hemolytic Anemia 1578 Nita Radhakrishnan, Anupam Sachdeva 38.15 Physiology of Hemostasis 1583 Renu Saxena, Neha Singh 38.16 Bleeding and Coagulation Disorders 1588 Tulika Seth 38.17 Hemophilia 1592 Pravas Mishra 38.18 Other Clotting Factor Deficiencies 1599 Sunil Gomber, Archana Kashyap 38.19 Thrombocytopenia 1603 Amita Trehan 38.20 Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura 1608 Jagdish Chandra, Dinesh Yadav 38.21 Platelet Function Defects 1616 Neelam Varma 38.22 Thrombotic Disorders 1620 Sidharth Totadri, Deepak Bansal, RK Marwaha 38.23 Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation 1628 VK Khanna, Tarangini D, Anupam Sachdeva 38.24 Blood Component Therapy 1633 Anupam Verma, Hemlata, Nabajyoti Choudhury 38.25 Stem Cell Transplantation 1636 Mammen Chandy 38.26 Myelodysplastic Syndromes 1641 Tathagata Chatterjee, VP Choudhry Section 39: RESPIRATORY DISEASES Section Editors Varinder Singh, GR Sethi 39.1 Anatomy and Physiology of Respiration 1645 Pankaj C Vaidya 39.2 Approach to Diagnosis of a Respiratory Disorder 1652 Soumya Tiwari, Varinder Singh 39.3 Congenital Malformations of the Upper Respiratory Tract 1656 D Vijayasekaran 39.4 Epistaxis 1659 Jagdish Chinnappa 39.5 Allergic Rhinitis 1660 Ankit Parakh, Varinder Singh 39.6 Otitis Media 1663 Jagdish Chinnappa 39.7 Approach to a Child with Cough 1668 NK Subramanya, Vidya K 39.8 Common Cold and Acute Pharyngitis 1671 Satnam Kaur, GR Sethi 39.9 Sinusitis 1675 SD Subba Rao 39.10 Tonsils and Adenoids 1678 Pallab Chatterjee 39.11 Obstructive Sleep Apnea 1682 Zeynep Seda Uyan, Refika Ersu 39.12 Congenital Malformations of the Lower Respiratory Tract 1686 D Vijayasekaran Contents xlv 39.13 Stridor and Croup 1691 Shalu Gupta 39.14 Approach to a Child with Fast Breathing 1695 Soumya Tiwari, Varinder Singh 39.15 Approach to a Child with Wheeze 1697 Soumya Tiwari, Varinder Singh 39.16 Bronchiolitis 1699 Ilin Kinimi 39.17 Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency 1704 Kana Ram Jat, Rakesh Lodha, SK Kabra 39.18 Aspiration Syndromes 1706 Mahesh Babu Ramamurthy, Michael Lim Teik Chung 39.19 Preschool Wheeze and Bronchial Asthma 1709 KR Bharath Kumar Reddy, Samatha Sonnappa 39.20 Aerosol Therapy 1718 Bruce K Rubin, Ronald W Williams 39.21 Pneumonia 1720 Swati Dublish, Varinder Singh 39.22 Parapneumonic Effusion and Empyema 1729 Kamal Kumar Singhal, GR Sethi 39.23 Pneumothorax and Air Leaks 1731 Mandeep Walia, Abhishek Somasekhara Aradhya 39.24 Persistent and Recurrent Pneumonia 1734 Ankit Parakh, Varinder Singh 39.25 Interstitial Lung Disease 1738 A Bush 39.26 Hemoptysis and Alveolar Bleeds 1741 Meenu Singh, Nandini Paul 39.27 Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia 1743 Ada Y Yip, Daniel K Ng 39.28 Cystic Fibrosis 1747 SK Kabra, Kana Ram Jat, Rakesh Lodha 39.29 Bronchiectasis 1751 Lokesh Guglani 39.30 Lung Abscess 1755 Kana Ram Jat, Meghna Sharma 39.31 Tracheobronchial Foreign Body Aspiration 1757 Varinder Singh, Ankit Parakh 39.32 Central Hypoventilation 1759 Mahesh Babu Ramamurthy, Daniel YT Goh Section 40: CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS Section Editors S Srinivasan, M Zulfikar Ahamed 40.1 Historical Aspects and Advances in Pediatric Cardiology 1762 S Srinivasan 40.2 Development of the Heart 1764 S Srinivasan 40.3 The Heart and Circulation 1768 Munesh Tomar, Savitri Shrivastava 40.4 Genetic Basis of Heart Diseases 1771 Sumaira Khalil, Seema Kapoor 40.5 Systemic Disorders with Heart Disease 1775 Anita Khalil 40.6 Cardiovascular Examination 1778 M Zulfikar Ahamed 40.7 Electrocardiogram 1783 BRJ Kannan 40.8 Chest Skiagram in Heart Disease 1791 BRJ Kannan 40.9 Echocardiography 1797 Balu Vaidyanathan 40.10 Cardiac Catheterization 1802 Duraisamy Balaguru 40.11 Cardiac Malpositions 1807 P Syamasundar Rao 40.12 Ventricular Septal Defects 1816 IB Vijayalakshmi 40.13 Atrial Septal Defects 1822 K Sivakumar 40.14 Atrioventricular Septal Defects 1826 Snehal Kulkarni, Tanuja Karande 40.15 Patent Ductus Arteriosus 1829 K Sivakumar 40.16 Anomalous Left Coronary Artery from Pulmonary Artery, Coronary Arterial Fistula and Ruptured Sinus of Valsalva 1833 MS Ranjith 40.17 Pulmonary Stenosis 1835 Shreepal Jain, Bharat Dalvi 40.18 Coarctation of Aorta 1840 Kshitij Sheth, Bharat Dalvi 40.19 Aortic Stenosis 1844 Smita Mishra 40.20 Clinical Approach to Infants and Children with Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease 1850 M Zulfikar Ahamed 40.21 Tetralogy of Fallot and Variants 1853 Anita Saxena 40.22 Tricuspid Atresia 1861 P Syamasundar Rao 40.23 Transposition of Great Arteries 1870 R Suresh Kumar, Navaneetha Sasikumar 40.24 Truncus Arteriosus 1873 Duraisamy Balaguru PG Textbook of Pediatrics xlvi 40.25 Ebstein Anomaly, Pulmonary Arteriovenous Fistula, Corrected Transposition of Great Arteries 1876 Sunita Maheshwari 40.26 Admixture Lesions 1878 Neeraj Awasthy, S Radhakrishnan 40.27 Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome 1884 Joseph John Vettukattil 40.28 Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension 1887 Nageswara Rao Koneti 40.29 Acute Rheumatic Fever 1892 B Anjaiah 40.30 Rheumatic Heart Disease and Lesions of the Mitral Valve 1896 R Krishna Kumar 40.31 Rheumatic Aortic Valve Disease 1904 Savitri Shrivastava 40.32 Takayasu Arteritis  1907 Biswajit Bandyopadhyay 40.33 Congestive Heart Failure 1909 Parvathi U Iyer, Harsheen Kaur, Neeraj Awasthy 40.34 Infective Endocarditis 1919 Shakuntala Prabhu, Sumitra Venkatesh 40.35 Myocardial Diseases: Myocarditis and Cardiomyopathies 1925 Ronak Naik, Nishant Shah 40.36 Diseases of the Pericardium 1937 Manoj Kumar Rohit, Ankur Gupta 40.37 Cardiac Dysrhythmias 1940 Ramandeep S Ahuja, Rajnish Juneja 40.38 Cardiac Emergencies 1957 Umesh Dyamenahalli 40.39 Surgical Considerations in Congenital Heart Diseases 1961 R Benedict Raj, S Srinivasan 40.40 Preventive Cardiology in the Young 1965 S Sivasankaran Volume 3:Systemic Disorders and Social Pediatrics Section 41: DISORDERS OF THE KIDNEY AND URINARY TRACT Section Editors Arvind Bagga, Aditi Sinha 41.1 Anatomy and Physiology 1971 M Vijayakumar, Arvind Bagga 41.2 Investigations for Kidneys and Urinary Tract 1974 Susan Uthup, Jyoti Sharma 41.3 Congenital Anomalies of Kidneys and Urinary Tract 1978 Shilpa Sharma, Aditi Sinha 41.4 Cystic Kidney Diseases 1984 Shina Menon 41.5 Hematuria 1986 Rajiv Sinha 41.6 Glomerulonephritis 1989 • Acute Nephritic Syndrome 1989 Amarjeet Mehta • Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis 1990 Arvind Bagga, Shina Menon • Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy 1992 Manisha Sahay 41.7 Systemic Vasculitis and Lupus Nephritis 1993 Ashima Gulati, Arvind Bagga 41.8 Alport Syndrome and Related Disorders 1997 Mukta Mantan 41.9 Proteinuria 1999 Sushmita Banerjee 41.10 Nephrotic Syndrome 2001 Arvind Bagga, Aditi Sinha 41.11 Acute Kidney Injury 2009 Anil Vasudevan 41.12 Renal Replacement Therapy for Acute Kidney Injury 2013 Sidharth Kumar Sethi, Rupesh Raina 41.13 Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome 2015 Aditi Sinha, Arvind Bagga 41.14 Renal Tubular Acidosis 2018 Arvind Bagga, Aditi Sinha 41.15 Tubular Disorders 2023 Kamran Afzal 41.16 Renal Calculi 2028 Indira Agarwal 41.17 Refractory Rickets 2031 Abhijeet Saha 41.18 Hypertension 2034 Swasti Chaturvedi 41.19 Urinary Tract Infection and Vesicoureteric Reflux 2039 Pankaj Hari 41.20 Dysfunctional Voiding 2045 Madhuri Kanitkar, Suprita Kalra Contents xlvii 41.21 Chronic Kidney Disease 2048 Erica Winnicki, Lavjay Butani, Stephanie Nguyen 41.22 End-Stage Renal Disease 2051 Kirtida Mistry, Asha Moudgil Section 42: NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS Section Editors Satinder Aneja, Suvasini Sharma 42.1 Approach to Neurological Disorders 2054 Suvasini Sharma, Satinder Aneja 42.2 Cerebrospinal Fluid and Neurophysiology 2059 Anita Choudhary 42.3 Neuroimaging 2064 Atin Kumar, Jyoti Kumar 42.4 Neural Tube Defects and Spinal Cord Malformations 2073 Sujata Kanhere 42.5 Brain Malformations 2079 Jatinder S Goraya 42.6 Neurocutaneous Disorders 2084 Maya Thomas, Renu George, Karthik Muthusamy 42.7 Hydrocephalus 2093 Daljit Singh, Hukum Singh 42.8 Seizures and Epilepsy 2098 Puneet Jain, Lakshminarayanan Kannan 42.9 Treatment of Seizures and Epilepsy 2105 Gopinath Musuwadi Subramanian 42.10 Febrile Seizures 2109 Sangeetha Yoganathan 42.11 Status Epilepticus 2112 Ravindra Arya, Katrina Peariso 42.12 Nonepileptic Paroxysmal Disorders 2119 Hema Patel, David W Dunn 42.13 Coma, Raised Intracranial Pressure and Brain Death 2124 Gurpreet Singh Kochar, Suvasini Sharma 42.14 Stroke 2132 Ramesh Konanki 42.15 Pyogenic Meningitis 2141 B Talukdar 42.16 Tuberculosis of the Central Nervous System 2144 Chandrakanta, Rashmi Kumar 42.17 Viral Encephalitis 2151 Mary Iype 42.18 Neurocysticercosis 2155 Pratibha Singhi 42.19 Brain Abscess 2160 Prashant Jauhari, Jitendra Kumar Sahu 42.20 Inflammatory Demyelinating Disorders 2166 Bindu PS 42.21 Autoimmune and Paraneoplastic Encephalitis and Encephal