While treaties can be notoriously difficult to amend by formal means, they must nevertheless be adapted over time in order to remain useful. Herein lies the role of subsequent practice as a key tool for treaty change. Subsequent practice-a well-established means of treaty interpretation-sometimes diverges from the original treaty provision to such an extent that it can no longer be said to constitute an act of interpretation or application. Rather, it becomes, in effect, one of treaty modification.

The modification of treaties by subsequent practice extends to all fields of international law, from the law of the sea, environmental law, and investment law, to human rights and humanitarian law. Such modifications can have significant practical consequences, from revising or creating new rights and obligations, to establishing new institutional mechanisms. Determining when and how treaty modification by subsequent practice occurs poses difficulty to legal scholars and dispute settlement bodies alike, and impacts States' expectations as to their treaty obligations. This significant yet underexplored process is the focus of this book.

The Modification of Treaties by Subsequent Practice proves that subsequent practice can-under carefully defined conditions that ensure strict accordance with the will of the treaty parties-alter, supplement, and terminate treaty provisions or even entire treaty frameworks. It can also generate customary law and fuel regime interaction. Ultimately, this book demonstrates the relevance and dynamism of the process of treaty modification by subsequent practice, emphasizing the need to deal with the issue head on, and explains-on a theoretical and practical level-how it can be identified and dealt with more consistently in the future. The book thus contributes to a deeper understanding of the process of treaty modification by subsequent practice and its continued role in striking the judicious balance between the stability of treaties on the one hand, and the organic evolution of the law on the other.

About the Author:
Irina Buga, Associate in International Arbitration, De Brauw Blackstone Westbroek

Irina Buga is currently an Associate in International Arbitration at De Brauw Blackstone Westbroek in Amsterdam. She previously held the position of Doctoral Fellow in Public International Law and member of the Netherlands Institute for the Law of the Sea (NILOS) at Utrecht University, where she completed her PhD in 2015. Dr Buga has worked as Legal Assistant at the International Court of Justice in The Hague, and practiced international arbitration in Paris. She completed the Magister Juris programme at the University of Oxford, having been awarded the Clifford Chance Prize for Best Performance in the Programme, after having received her B.A. from University College Utrecht and an LL.M. in Legal Research from Utrecht University. Dr Buga is also an alumna and dual prize recipient of the Rhodes Academy for Oceans Law and Policy. The initial study upon which the current book is based was awarded the Francois Prize by the Royal Netherlands Society of International Law.