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Mimese und Mimikry als Selektionsfaktoren im Tierreich

Mimese und Mimikry als Selektionsfaktoren im Tierreich

          
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About the Book

Facharbeit (Schule) aus dem Jahr 2017 im Fachbereich Biologie - Evolution, Note: 9, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Der Birkenspanner, ein nachtaktiver Falter, der sich am Tag meist auf Birken oder ähnlichen Bäumen aufhält, war ein sehr wichtiger Beweis für die Selektionstheorie und vor allem für die Bedeutung von Tarnung im Tierreich. Neben dem hellen und gemusterten und somit an den Bäumen gut getarnten Birkenspanner gibt es eine Mutation des Falters, der durch den Farbstoff Melanin einfarbig dunkel gefärbt ist. Diese Falter traten jedoch nur in sehr geringen Menge auf, da sie durch die dunkle Farbe vor den hellen Birken deutlich herausstachen und somit häufiger Opfer von Fressfeinden wurden. Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts, zu Beginn der Industrialisierung, änderte sich das Verhältnis der Anzahl der beiden Birkenspanner Varianten innerhalb kürzester Zeit stark, da die Rußablagerungen der zahlreichen Fabriken die Birken schwarz färbten und somit die weißen Birkenspanner nicht mehr so gut getarnt waren und ihre Überlebenschancen stark verkleinert wurden. Die schwarzen Exemplare konnten jetzt auf den Bäumen kaum noch erkannt werden und hatten nun den Selektionsvorteil, den vorher die weißen Birkenspanner hatten. Sie konnten somit ihre Anzahl extrem vermehren. Bei Messungen in Manchester um 1895 machten sie etwa 95-98% der Gesamtpopulation aus. Diese Entwicklung wurde später unter dem Namen Industriemelanismus sehr bekannt und dient als klassisches Beispiel für die Selektionstheorie. Auch wenn sich die dunkle Form durch den Rückgang der Schadstoffbelastung nicht durchsetzen konnte, kann an diesem Beispiel verdeutlicht werden, dass Tarnung (Mimese), sowie Warnung und Mimikry im Tierreich sehr nützlich sind, um einen Selektionsvorteil zu erlangen und dadurch die Überlebenschancen zu erhöhen. Im Folgenden möchte ich daher Mimese und Mimikry genauer erläutern, indem ich auf die Entstehung, die unterschiedlichen Formen und den daraus resultierenden Selektionsvorteil eingehe.


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Product Details
  • ISBN-13: 9783668766013
  • Publisher: Bod Third Party Titles
  • Publisher Imprint: Grin Verlag
  • Height: 210 mm
  • No of Pages: 24
  • Spine Width: 2 mm
  • Width: 148 mm
  • ISBN-10: 3668766010
  • Publisher Date: 10 Aug 2018
  • Binding: Paperback
  • Language: German
  • Returnable: N
  • Weight: 45 gr


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