Four leaders in the field of microwave circuit design share their newest insights into the latest aspects of the technology

The third edition of Microwave Circuit Design Using Linear and Nonlinear Techniques delivers an insightful and complete analysis of microwave circuit design, from their intrinsic and circuit properties to circuit design techniques for maximizing performance in communication and radar systems. This new edition retains what remains relevant from previous editions of this celebrated book and adds brand-new content on CMOS technology, GaN, SiC, frequency range, and feedback power amplifiers in the millimeter range region. The third edition contains over 200 pages of new material.

The distinguished engineers, academics, and authors emphasize the commercial applications in telecommunications and cover all aspects of transistor technology. Software tools for design and microwave circuits are included as an accompaniment to the book. In addition to information about small and large-signal amplifier design and power amplifier design, readers will benefit from the book's treatment of a wide variety of topics, like:

• An in-depth discussion of the foundations of RF and microwave systems, including Maxwell's equations, applications of the technology, analog and digital requirements, and elementary definitions
• A treatment of lumped and distributed elements, including a discussion of the parasitic effects on lumped elements
• Descriptions of active devices, including diodes, microwave transistors, heterojunction bipolar transistors, and microwave FET
• Two-port networks, including S-Parameters from SPICE analysis and the derivation of transducer power gain

Perfect for microwave integrated circuit designers, the third edition of Microwave Circuit Design Using Linear and Nonlinear Techniques also has a place on the bookshelves of electrical engineering researchers and graduate students. It's comprehensive take on all aspects of transistors by world-renowned experts in the field places this book at the vanguard of microwave circuit design research.

Foreword xvii

Preface To The Third Edition xix

1 RF/Microwave Systems 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Maxwell’s Equations 11

1.3 Frequency Bands, Modes, and Waveforms of Operation 13

1.4 Analog and Digital Signals 15

1.5 Elementary Functions 26

1.6 Basic RF Transmitters and Receivers 32

1.7 RF Wireless/Microwave/Millimeter Wave Applications 34

1.8 Modern CAD for Nonlinear Circuit Analysis 37

1.9 Dynamic Load Line 38

References 39

Bibliography 40

Problems 41

2 Lumped and Distributed Elements 43

2.1 Introduction 43

2.2 Transition from RF to Microwave Circuits 43

2.3 Parasitic Effects on Lumped Elements 46

2.4 Distributed Elements 53

2.5 Hybrid Element: Helical Coil 54

References 55

Bibliography 57

Problems 57

3 Active Devices 59

3.1 Introduction 59

3.2 Diodes 60

3.2.1 Large-Signal Diode Model 61

3.2.2 Mixer and Detector Diodes 65

3.2.3 Parameter Trade-Offs 70

3.2.4 Mixer Diodes 72

3.2.5 PIN Diodes 73

3.2.6 Tuning Diodes 84

3.2.7 Q Factor or Diode Loss 94

3.2.8 Diode Problems 99

3.2.9 Diode-Tuned Resonant Circuits 105

3.3 Microwave Transistors 110

3.3.1 Transistor Classification 110

3.3.2 Bipolar Transistor Basics 113

3.3.3 GaAs and InP Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors 127

3.3.4 SiGe HBTs 141

3.3.5 Field-Effect Transistor Basics 147

3.3.6 GaN, GaAs, and InP HEMTs 158

3.3.7 MOSFETs 165

3.3.8 Packaged Transistors 182

3.4 Example: Selecting Transistor and Bias for Low-Noise Amplification 186

3.5 Example: Selecting Transistor and Bias for Oscillator Design 191

3.6 Example: Selecting Transistor and Bias for Power Amplification 194

3.6.1 Biasing HEMTs 196

3.6.2 Biasing HBTs 198

References 200

Bibliography 203

Problems 204

4 Two-Port Networks 205

4.1 Introduction 205

4.2 Two-Port Parameters 206

4.3 S Parameters 216

4.4 S Parameters from SPICE Analysis 216

4.5 Mason Graphs 217

4.6 Stability 221

4.7 Power Gains, Voltage Gain, and Current Gain 223

4.7.1 Power Gain 223

4.7.2 Voltage Gain and Current Gain 229

4.7.3 Current Gain 230

4.8 Three-Ports 231

4.9 Derivation of Transducer Power Gain 234

4.10 Differential S Parameters 236

4.10.1 Measurements 239

4.10.2 Example 239

4.11 Twisted-Wire Pair Lines 240

4.12 Low-Noise and High-Power Amplifier Design 242

4.13 Low-Noise Amplifier Design Examples 245

References 254

Bibliography 255

Problems 255

5 Impedance Matching 261

5.1 Introduction 261

5.2 Smith Charts and Matching 261

5.3 Impedance Matching Networks 269

5.4 Single-Element Matching 269

5.5 Two-Element Matching 271

5.6 Matching Networks Using Lumped Elements 272

5.7 Matching Networks Using Distributed Elements 273

5.7.1 Twisted-Wire Pair Transformers 273

5.7.2 Transmission Line Transformers 274

5.7.3 Tapered Transmission Lines 276

5.8 Bandwidth Constraints for Matching Networks 277

References 287

BIBLIOGRAPHY 288

PROBLEMS 288

6 Microwave Filters 294

6.1 Introduction 294

6.2 Low-Pass Prototype Filter Design 295

6.2.1 Butterworth Response 295

6.2.2 Chebyshev Response 297

6.3 Transformations 302

6.3.1 Low-Pass Filters: Frequency and Impedance Scaling 302

6.3.2 High-Pass Filters 302

6.3.3 Bandpass Filters 304

6.3.4 Narrow-Band Bandpass Filters 306

6.3.5 Band-Stop Filters 309

6.4 Transmission Line Filters 312

6.4.1 Semilumped Low-Pass Filters 315

6.4.2 Richards Transformation 318

6.5 Exact Designs and CAD Tools 325

6.6 Real-Life Filters 326

6.6.1 Lumped Elements 326

6.6.2 Transmission Line Elements 327

6.6.3 Cavity Resonators 327

6.6.4 Coaxial Dielectric Resonators 327

6.6.5 Thin-Film Bulk-Wave Acoustic Resonator (FBAR) 327

References 330

Bibliography 330

Problems 330

7 Noise In Linear and Nonlinear Two-Ports 332

7.1 Introduction 332

7.2 Signal-to-Noise Ratio 334

7.3 Noise Figure Measurements 336

7.4 Noise Parameters and Noise Correlation Matrix 338

7.4.1 Correlation Matrix 338

7.4.2 Method of Combining Two-Port Matrix 339

7.4.3 Noise Transformation Using the [ABCD] Noise Correlation Matrices 339

7.4.4 Relation Between the Noise Parameter and [CA] 340

7.4.5 Representation of the ABCD Correlation Matrix in Terms of Noise Parameters [7.4] 342

7.4.6 Noise Correlation Matrix Transformations 342

7.4.7 Matrix Definitions of Series and Shunt Element 343

7.4.8 Transferring All Noise Sources to the Input 344

7.4.9 Transformation of the Noise Sources 345

7.4.10 ABCD Parameters for CE, CC, and CB Configurations 345

7.5 Noisy Two-Port Description 347

7.6 Noise Figure of Cascaded Networks 353

7.7 Influence of External Parasitic Elements 354

7.8 Noise Circles 357

7.9 Noise Correlation in Linear Two-Ports Using Correlation Matrices 360

7.10 Noise Figure Test Equipment 363

7.11 How to Determine Noise Parameters 365

7.12 Noise in Nonlinear Circuits 366

7.12.1 Noise Sources in the Nonlinear Domain 368

7.13 Transistor Noise Modeling 371

7.13.1 Noise Modeling of Bipolar and Heterobipolar Transistors 372

7.13.2 Noise Modeling of Field-effect Transistors 384

References 390

Bibliography 393

Problems 395

8 Small- and Large-Signal Amplifier Design 397

8.1 Introduction 397

8.2 Single-Stage Amplifier Design 399

8.2.1 High Gain 399

8.2.2 Maximum Available Gain and Unilateral Gain 400

8.2.3 Low-Noise Amplifier 407

8.2.4 High-Power Amplifier 409

8.2.5 Broadband Amplifier 410

8.2.6 Feedback Amplifier 411

8.2.7 Cascode Amplifier 413

8.2.8 Multistage Amplifier 420

8.2.9 Distributed Amplifier and Matrix Amplifier 421

8.2.10 Millimeter-Wave Amplifiers 425

8.3 Frequency Multipliers 426

8.3.1 Introduction 426

8.3.2 Passive Frequency Multiplication 426

8.3.3 Active Frequency Multiplication 427

8.4 Design Example of 1.9-GHz PCS and 2.1-GHz W-CDMA Amplifiers 429

8.5 Stability Analysis and Limitations 430

References 435

Bibliography 438

Problems 440

9 Power Amplifier Design 442

9.1 Introduction 442

9.2 Characterizing Transistors for Power-Amplifier Design 445

9.3 Single-Stage Power Amplifier Design 449

9.4 Multistage Design 455

9.5 Power-Distributed Amplifiers 462

9.6 Class of Operation 480

9.6.1 Optimizing Conduction Angle 481

9.6.2 Optimizing Harmonic Termination 490

9.6.3 Analog Switch-Mode Amplifiers 494

9.7 Efficiency and Linearity Enhancement PA Topologies 498

9.7.1 The Doherty Amplifier 499

9.7.2 Outphasing Amplifiers 502

9.7.3 Kahn EER and Envelope Tracking Amplifiers 505

9.8 Digital Microwave Power Amplifiers (class-D/S) 514

9.8.1 Voltage-Mode Topology 516

9.8.2 Current-Mode Topology 521

9.9 Power Amplifier Stability 527

References 530

Bibliography 534

Problems 536

10 Oscillator Design 538

10.1 Introduction 538

10.2 Compressed Smith Chart 544

10.3 Series or Parallel Resonance 545

10.4 Resonators 546

10.4.1 Dielectric Resonators 547

10.4.2 YIG Resonators 552

10.4.3 Varactor Resonators 552

10.4.4 Ceramic Resonators 556

10.4.5 Coupled Resonator 558

10.4.6 Resonator Measurements 564

10.5 Two-Port Oscillator Design 570

10.6 Negative Resistance From Transistor Model 579

10.7 Oscillator Q and Output Power 586

10.8 Noise in Oscillators: Linear Approach 590

10.8.1 Leeson’s Oscillator Model 590

10.8.2 Low-Noise Design 596

10.9 Analytic Approach to Optimum Oscillator Design Using S Parameters 608

10.10 Nonlinear Active Models for Oscillators 621

10.10.1 Diodes with Hyperabrupt Junction 623

10.10.2 Silicon Versus Gallium Arsenide 624

10.10.3 Expressions for gm and Gd 625

10.10.4 Nonlinear Expressions for Cgs, Ggf, and Ri 627

10.10.5 Analytic Simulation of I–V Characteristics 628

10.10.6 Equivalent-Circuit Derivation 628

10.10.7 Determination of Oscillation Conditions 631

10.10.8 Nonlinear Analysis 631

10.10.9 Conclusion 632

10.11 Oscillator Design Using Nonlinear Cad Tools 632

10.11.1 Parameter Extraction Method 637

10.11.2 Example of Nonlinear Design Methodology: 4-GHz Oscillator– Amplifier 639

10.11.3 Conclusion 645

10.12 Microwave Oscillators Performance 647

10.13 Design of an Oscillator Using Large-Signal Y Parameters 651

10.14 Example for Large-Signal Design Based on Bessel Functions 653

10.15 Design Example for Best Phase Noise and Good Output Power 658

Requirements 658

Design Steps 658

Design Calculations 662

10.16 A Design Example for a 350 MHz Fixed Frequency Colpitts Oscillator 666

Step 1: 667

Step 2: Biasing 667

Step 3: Determination of the Large Signal Transconductance 668

10.17 1/f NOISE 678

10.18 2400 MHz MOSFET-Based Push–Pull Oscillator 681

10.18.1 Design Equations 682

10.18.2 Design Calculations 687

10.18.3 Phase Noise 688

10.19 CAD Solution for Calculating Phase Noise in Oscillators 691

10.19.1 General Analysis of Noise Due to Modulation and Conversion in Oscillators 691

10.19.2 Modulation by a Sinusoidal Signal 692

10.19.3 Modulation by a Noise Signal 693

10.19.4 Oscillator Noise Models 695

10.19.5 Modulation and Conversion Noise 696

10.19.6 Nonlinear Approach for Computation of Noise Analysis of Oscillator Circuits 696

10.19.7 Noise Generation in Oscillators 699

10.19.8 Frequency Conversion Approach 699

10.19.9 Conversion Noise Analysis 699

10.19.10 Noise Performance Index Due to Frequency Conversion 700

10.19.11 Modulation Noise Analysis 702

10.19.12 Noise Performance Index Due to Contribution of Modulation Noise 704

10.19.13 PM–AM Correlation Coefficient 705

10.20 Phase Noise Measurement 706

10.20.1 Phase Noise Measurement Techniques 706

10.21 Back to Conventional Phase Noise Measurement System (Hewlett-Packard) 724

10.22 State-of-the-art 730

10.22.1 Analog Signal Path 730

10.22.2 Digital Signal Path 732

10.22.3 Pulsed Phase Noise Measurement 735

10.22.4 Cross-Correlation 736

10.23 Instrument Performance 737

10.24 Noise in Circuits and Semiconductors [10.74] 738

10.25 Validation Circuits 742

10.25.1 1000-MHz Ceramic Resonator Oscillator (CRO) 742

10.25.2 4100-MHz Oscillator with Transmission Line Resonators 745

10.25.3 2000-MHz GaAs FET-Based Oscillator 747

10.26 Analytical Approach for Designing Efficient Microwave FET and Bipolar Oscillators (Optimum Power) 751

10.26.1 Series Feedback (MESFET) 751

10.26.2 Parallel Feedback (MESFET) 758

10.26.3 Series Feedback (Bipolar) 760

10.26.4 Parallel Feedback (Bipolar) 763

10.26.5 An FET Example 764

10.26.6 Simulated Results 773

10.26.7 Synthesizers 777

10.26.8 Self-Oscillating Mixer 777

10.27 Introduction 779

10.28 Large Signal Noise Analysis 780

10.29 Quantifying Phase Noise 789

10.30 Summary 791

References 791

Bibliography 795

Problems 806

11 Frequency Synthesizer 812

11.1 Introduction 812

11.2 Building Block of Synthesizer 814

11.2.1 Voltage Controlled Oscillator 814

11.2.2 Reference Oscillator 814

11.2.3 Frequency Divider 815

11.2.4 Phase-Frequency Comparators 817

11.2.5 Loop Filters – Filters for Phase Detectors Providing Voltage Output 822

11.3 Important Characteristics of Synthesizers 831

11.3.1 Frequency Range 831

11.3.2 Phase Noise 831

11.3.3 Spurious Response 831

11.3.4 Transient Behavior of Digital Loops Using Tri-State Phase Detectors 831

11.4 Practical Circuits 846

11.5 The Fractional-N Principle 846

11.6 Spur-Suppression Techniques 849

11.7 Digital Direct Frequency Synthesizer 851

11.7.1 DDS Advantages 856

References 857

12 Microwave Mixer Design 859

12.1 Introduction 859

12.2 Diode Mixer Theory 866

12.3 Single-Diode Mixers 880

12.4 Single-Balanced Mixers 890

12.5 Double-Balanced Mixers 906

12.6 Fet Mixer Theory 931

12.7 Balanced Fet Mixers 955

12.8 Resistive (Reflective) Fet Mixers 966

12.8.1 Switched Mode “ON” and “OFF” Resistance 968

12.8.2 Loss Limit of Reflection FETs Device 971

12.8.3 Conversion Loss 972

12.8.4 Gain Compression and Intercept Point 973

12.8.5 Design and Performance Optimization Techniques 974

12.9 Special Mixer Circuits 978

12.10 Mixer Noise 988

12.10.1 Mixer Noise Analysis (MOSFET) 989

12.10.2 Noise in Resistive GaAs HEMT Mixers 995

References 1001

Bibliography 1003

Problems 1005

13 RF Switches and Attenuators 1007

13.1 PIN Diodes 1007

13.2 PIN Diode Switches 1010

13.3 PIN Diode Attenuators 1018

13.4 FET Switches 1024

References 1027

Bibliography 1028

14 Simulation of Microwave Circuits 1029

14.1 Introduction 1029

14.2 Design Types 1031

14.2.1 Printed Circuit Board 1031

14.2.2 Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits 1032

14.3 Design Entry 1033

14.3.1 Schematic Capture 1033

14.3.2 Board and MMIC Layout 1034

14.4 Linear Circuit Simulation 1035

14.4.1 Small-Signal AC and S-parameter Simulation 1035

14.4.2 Example: Microwave Filter, Schematic Based 1039

14.5 Nonlinear Simulation 1040

14.5.1 Newton’s Method 1040

14.5.2 Transistor Modeling 1040

14.5.3 Transient Simulation 1041

14.5.4 Example: Transient 1044

14.5.5 Harmonic Balance Simulation 1045

14.5.6 Example: Harmonic Balance, One-tone Amplifier 1050

14.5.7 Example: Harmonic Balance, Two-tone Amplifier 1051

14.5.8 Envelope Simulation 1052

14.5.9 Example: Envelope, Modulated Amplifier 1056

14.5.10 Mixing Circuit and Thermal Simulation 1057

14.5.11 Example: Electrothermal 1059

14.6 Electromagnetic Simulation 1062

14.6.1 Method of Moments 1063

14.6.2 Finite Element Method 1064

14.6.3 Finite Difference Time Domain 1064

14.6.4 Performing an EM Simulation 1065

14.6.5 Example: Microwave Filter, EM Based 1066

14.7 Design for Manufacturing 1067

14.7.1 Circuit Optimization 1067

14.7.2 Example: Optimization 1069

14.7.3 Component Variation 1069

14.7.4 Monte Carlo Analysis 1074

14.7.5 Example: Monte Carlo Analysis 1075

14.7.6 Yield Analysis and Yield Optimization 1078

14.8 Oscillator Design and Simulation Example 1079

14.8.1 Written by Ludwig Eichinger, Keysight Technologies 1079

14.8.2 STW Delay Line 1079

14.8.3 Behavioral Simulation 1080

14.8.4 Choosing an Amplifier 1081

14.8.5 DC Feed Design 1084

14.8.6 Wilkinson Divider Design 1085

14.8.7 Matching and Linear Oscillator Analysis 1085

14.8.8 Optimization of Loop Gain and Phase 1086

14.8.9 Nonlinear Oscillator Analysis 1089

14.8.10 1/f Noise Characterization 1090

14.8.11 Phase Noise Simulation 1096

14.8.12 Oscillator Start-up Time 1099

14.8.13 Layout EM Cosimulation 1099

14.8.14 Oscillator Design Summary 1102

14.9 Conclusion 1102

References 1102

Appendix A Derivations For Unilateral Gain Section 1105

Appendix B Vector Representation of Two-Tone Intermodulation Products 1108

Appendix C Passive Microwave Elements 1127

Index 1148