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PREFACE I. The Geography of the Eurasian Steppe II. The History of Research on the Relations between the Northern Zone of China and the Eurasian Steppe III. About the Book CHAPTER ONE THE GERMINATION OF NORTHERN BRONZES 1.1 Different Bronze Systems in Eurasia 1.1.1 Eastern bronze culture system 1.1.2 Western bronze culture system 1.1.3 Bronze culture system during the late prehistoric period 1.2 Research Background beyond China Related to Chinese Early Bronzes 1.2.1 Early bronzes of the Oasis culture in southern Central Asia 1.2.2 Early bronzes of the steppe culture 1.2.3 Seriation of some early bronzes 1.3 The Formation of Different Systems of Early Chinese Bronzes 1.3.1 Central Plain bronze system during the Xia period 1.3.2 Northern bronze system during the Xia period 1.3.3 Early bronzes of the Northwestern bronze system during the Xia period 1.4 Relationship between the Early Bronzes from China and Those outside of China 1.4.1 Relationship between the bronzes of the Qijia culture and those outside of China 1.4.2 Relationship between the bronzes of the Siba culture and those of the Tianshanbeilu culture and those beyond the borders of China 1.4.3 The prototype of the Northern Zone of China-the Mongolian Plateau Metallurgical Province CHAPTER TWO THE EXPANSION OF THE STEPPE CULTURE DURING THE SECOND MILLENNIUM B.C. 2.1 Andronovo Culture and Seima-Turbino Culture 2.1.1 Andronovo culture and socketed battle axes in steppe 2.1.2 Characteristics, dating and population of the Seima-Turbino remains 2.1.3 Relationship between the two types of remains 2.2 Relevant Remains in China 2.2.1 Relevant remains of the Andronovo culture complex found in Xinjiang 2.2.2 Socketed battle axes in Xinjiang and the Northern Zone 2.2.3 Hollow-head axes in Xinjiang and the Northern Zone of China 2.2.4 Bronze spears with Seima-Turbino characteristics found in China 2.3 The Cultural Relations between China and the Steppe Zone during the 2000 B.C. 2.3.1 Expansion of the Andronovo culture complex in Xinjiang 2.3.2 The spread of socketed battle axes 2.3.3 Spread of axes 2.3.4 Seima-Turbino-type bronze spears 2.3.5 Summary CHAPTER THREE THE EMERGENCE AND EXPANSION OF BRONZES IN THE NORTHERN ZONE OF CHINA 3.1 Emergence of the Northern Bronzes 3.1.1 Northern bronzes during the early Shang period 3.1.2 Northern bronzes from the late Shang to West Zhou 3.1.3 Evolution of the major bronzes 3.2 Eurasian Steppe at the End of the 2nd Millennium B.C. 3.2.1 Kazakh steppes, East European steppe, and forest steppes in the post-Seima period 3.2.2 Early bronze artifacts in the Mongolian region 3.2.3 Karasuk culture in the Minusinsk Basin 3.3 The Spread of Chinese Northern Bronzes 3.3.1 The influence of northern bronzes on Central Plain culture 3.3.2 The influence of northern bronzes on the north of the Yan Mountains 3.3.3 The relationship between northern bronze and the Mongolian Plateau 3.3.4 The relationship between the northern bronze and Minusinsk Basin 3.3.5 The influence of the northern bronzes on the steppes beyond the border, taking the bronze short sword as an example CHAPTER FOUR THE BEGINNING OF THE EARLY NOMADIC AGE 4.1 The Beginning of the Nomadic Culture of the Eurasian Steppe 4.1.1 The northern coast of the Black Sea and the Kuban River Basin: The pre- and early Scythian cultures 4.1.2 South