Since the mid-1800's Portuguese Americans have been quietly at work, adjusting to a new culture and adapting a pre-existing American landscape to suit their needs. In the process, they have created a hybrid Portuguese American landscape quite different from both standard American urban landscapes and the landscapes they left behind in Portugal. The three states of southern New England -- Massachusetts, Connecticut and Rhode Island -- are now home to more than 467,000 person of Portuguese ancestry, 88,000 of whom were born in Portugal. The main concentration of Portuguese Americans, the largest cluster in the United States and the main focus of this book, is nestled in a corner of southeastern New England along the Massachusetts-Rhode Island border. The cities of Fall River and New Bedford in Massachusetts and nearby East Providence, Rhode Island are the main urban centers housing large numbers of Portuguese. These cities are connected by Interstate 195, the "Portuguese American Interstate Highway." The landscape these Portuguese immigrants created is an American landscape, but a hybridized landscape showing Portuguese cultural influences. The landscape is characterized by the distinctive three-deckers and by Portuguese iconography in the landscape especially in cultural symbols such as shrines, flags, architectural embellishments and gardens. Some of these features were not just importations into the American landscape but reactions to it.Portuguese Americans in New England still struggle to assimilate into American culture. Their lower levels of educational attainment and corresponding lower levels of income have kept the suburban American dream out of reach of some, but not all, of the immigrants. Lower levels of obtaining citizenship have kept the Portuguese a generation or more behind in assuming political power comparable to their numbers. Patriarchy, still strong in the culture, presents barriers for equal achievement by women. Prejudice against the community is still strong in some places. Even within the Portuguese community itself there are complex prejudices between mainlanders and islanders, among immigrants from various islands, and between Portuguese and the linguistically affiliated Brazilian and Cape Verdean groups. Assimilation comes slowly and when it comes the Portuguese must struggle to avoid downward assimilation into a perpetual lower class status. The Portuguese in New England rode the economic waves of southern New England's booms and busts. Just as the whaling industry that had brought the early Portuguese died out, the textile mills began to move to the Southern states or go bankrupt. For a generation the apparel industry blossomed by moving into the abandoned textile mills. When that industry declined, some plastics and electronics activity moved in but largely the heyday of manufacturing was over. Even the fishing industry that employed many Portuguese in New Bedford and in smaller towns such as Gloucester and Provincetown fell upon hard times.This book tells the story of the Portuguese Americans of southeastern New England by using concepts from geography, sociology and other social sciences.
About the Author: James W. Fonseca is Dean Emeritus at Ohio University - Zanesville where he served as Dean and Professor of Geography from 1998 to 2011. He was Executive Dean of Regional Higher Education at Ohio University until 2013. Prior to coming to Ohio University Jim Fonseca spent 25 years as an administrator and faculty member at George Mason University in Virginia where he taught and held administrative positions including Director of Individualized Studies, Associate and Acting Dean of the Graduate School, and Founding Director of the University's Prince William Campus in Manassas. Jim grew up in New Bedford's North End Portuguese community and graduated from New Bedford High School in 1965. He commuted to Bridgewater State University for his bachelor's and earned his Ph.D. in Geography from Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts in 1974. Along the way he worked in warehouses, grocery stores, the Titleist golf ball factory, a bakery, a soda-canning plant, a plastics factory and as a cab driver. He also taught geography as an adjunct at Clark University, American International College in Springfield and Rhode Island College in Providence. Jim Fonseca's publications include (with Alice Andrews) the Atlas of Higher Education and the Atlas of American Society both published by New York University Press, and World Regional Map Skills: Student Supplement to de Blij's Geography: Regions and Concepts published by John Wiley, and a monograph, The Urban Rank-Size Hierarchy by the Institute of Mathematical Geography, Ann Arbor. Jim lives in Ohio and Florida and spends time in Maine and Newport Rhode Island. He and his wife Elaine, have one son, Jim, who lives in Chicago. Jim Fonseca visits family in New England several times each year where he stocks up on linguiça, chourico and bacalhau.