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Les Ponts Et Leur Histoire: Traits d'union vitaux des transports terrestres

Les Ponts Et Leur Histoire: Traits d'union vitaux des transports terrestres

          
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About the Book

Introduction
LES PREMIERS PONTS utilises par l'homme étaient dus a la nature: ici, une voute naturelle causée par l'érosion, la un arbre tombe ou bien encore une liane reliant deux arbres et enjambant un gouffre ou un cours d'eau. Des pierres entassées de place en place dans le courant formèrent, pour les ponts plus larges franchissant des rivières, des supports intermédiaires appelés piliers .On plaça ensuite sur les piliers des poutres de bois ou de longues pierres plates de façon a obtenir un pont continu. Sous des climats plus chauds, on tressa des cordages avec des fibres extraites d'herbes, de lianes ou de tiges et on les attacha au-dessus de gouffres ou de cours d'eau pour obtenir de primitifs ponts suspendus. De tels ponts sont toujours en usage au Tibet, en Inde, au Pérou et en quelques autres régions. En l'an 4000 av. J.C l'homme savait déjà placer des pierres de façon a formé une voute qui franchit un espace déterminé. La Voûte en maçonnerie connut son apogée au temps des Romains qui furent les plus grands constructeurs de ponts de l'antiquité. Beaucoup de ponts romains en arc existent encore actuellement, tel le pont du Gard, a Nîmes, en France; il fut construit a l'époque du christ et servait d'aqueduc pour alimenter la ville en eau.Des Siècles durant, après la chute de l'empire romain d'Occident, au 5e siècle de notre ère, on construisit peu de nouveaux ponts, et beaucoup les plus anciens s'écroulèrent, faute d'entretien satisfaisant. L'art de construire des ponts connut un renouveau au début du 12e siècle et l'on bâtit nombre de beaux ponts en arc, en maçonnerie.Pendant la renaissance, on construisit quelques ponts célèbres. Le pont du Rialto, franchissant Le Grand canal a Venise, fut construit en 1591.Le Pont de Santa Trinita (Sainte trinité) sur l'Arno, a Florence, Fut achevé en 1569, puis il n'y eut que peu de progrès jusqu'au 18e siècle .L'architecte Hubert Gauthier écrivit un traite détaillé sur les ponts en 1714. En 1747, la première en date des écoles d'ingénieurs dans le monde fut fondée à Paris; c'était la célèbre Ecole des ponts et chaussée. La réalisation de ponts métalliques est un autre fait marquant du 18ème siècle. En 1779, Abraham Darby et John Wilkinson lancèrent le pont de Coalbrookdale, sur la Savern, en Angleterre .Il était en fonte et sa travée mesurait 30 mètres. Le fer devint au cours du 19e siècle le matériau de prédilection pour la construction des ponts, particulièrement pour celle des grands ponts l'essor des chemins de fer de la première moitie du 20e siècle posa des problèmes nouveaux aux ingénieurs, car les locomotives et les trains étaient bien plus lourds que les véhicules qui Franchissaient les ponts auparavant. Il fallut désormais construire des arches plus solides et plus rigides.Au cours de la seconde moitie du 19e siècle, on inventa et mis en pratique les procédés Bessemer et Martin-siemens permettant de produire économiquement l'acier qui, peu a peu remplaça le fer .avant de construire a paris la célèbre tour qui porte son nom, Gustave Eiffel s'était déjà illustre comme constructeur de ponts en fer et en acier .Ses plus fameuses réalisations furent, en 1877, un pont sur le Douro, au Portugal, et en 1884, le viaduc de Gabarit. Avec sa longueur totale de 550 mètres, sa portée de 165 mètres et sa hauteur de 122 mètres, ce pont était d'une audace inouïe pour l'époque.


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Product Details
  • ISBN-13: 9781717865366
  • Publisher: Independently Published
  • Publisher Imprint: Independently Published
  • Height: 229 mm
  • No of Pages: 34
  • Spine Width: 2 mm
  • Weight: 63 gr
  • ISBN-10: 1717865364
  • Publisher Date: 22 Jul 2018
  • Binding: Paperback
  • Language: French
  • Returnable: N
  • Sub Title: Traits d'union vitaux des transports terrestres
  • Width: 152 mm


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