Congress is deeply divided over implementation of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), the health reform law enacted in March 2010.1 Since the ACA's enactment, lawmakers opposed to specific provisions in the ACA or the entire law have debated implementation of the law on numerous occasions and considered multiple bills to repeal, defund, delay, or otherwise amend the law. Most of the legislative activity on these ACA-related bills has taken place in the House. The legislation includes stand-alone bills as well as provisions in broader, often unrelated measures that would (1) repeal the ACA in its entirety and, in some cases, replace it with new law; (2) repeal, or by amendment restrict or otherwise limit, specific provisions in the ACA; (3) eliminate appropriations provided by the ACA and rescind all unobligated funds;2 (4) replace the mandatory appropriations for one or more ACA programs with authorizations of (discretionary) appropriations, and rescind all unobligated funds; and (5) block or otherwise delay implementation of specific ACA provisions. A few bills containing provisions to amend the ACA that have attracted sufficiently broad and bipartisan support have been approved in both the House and the Senate and signed into law. Some lawmakers have used the annual appropriations process in an effort to eliminate funding for the ACA and address other concerns they have with implementation of the law. ACA-related provisions have been included in enacted appropriations acts in each of the last four years (i.e., FY2011-FY2014). In the FY2014 appropriations cycle, disagreement between the House and the Senate over the inclusion of various ACA provisions in the FY2014 continuing resolution (CR) temporarily shut down programs and activities across the federal government. Congress took up consideration of an FY2014 CR in September 2013, having failed to complete legislative action on any of the annual appropriations acts for the new fiscal year. The House repeatedly attached provisions to the CR to defund or delay ACA implementation, which the Senate rejected. With no agreement in place at the start of the FY2014 (i.e., October 1, 2013), the resulting lapse in discretionary funding led to a partial shutdown of government operations. Lawmakers finally reached agreement on legislative language on October 16, and the President signed the Continuing Appropriations Act, 2014, the following day to reopen the government.3 The measure funded the federal government through January 15, 2014, and did not include any provisions to defund or delay ACA implementation. Instead, it required the Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS) to certify to Congress that the ACA health insurance exchanges are verifying the eligibility of individuals applying for subsidies to help cover the cost of purchasing insurance coverage. In January 2014, Congress completed action on the FY2014 appropriations process by approving the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014, which included all 12 annual appropriations acts for FY2014.4