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Hydroponics can be described by simply saying that it is a process of growing plants in water and nutrients without the use of soil. The water is given to the roots of the plants that are being grown. The plant roots may hang in the nutrient solution, misted, enclosed inside of a container, or a trough that is filled with a soil substitute.

The substitute can consist of materials like sand, perlite, sawdust, pebbles, wood chips, or rockwool. Any substitute being used will need to provide great water holding capabilities, yet be porous enough for gas exchange. By watering plants, a storage area for water and nutrients for the root system is created. The plant roots grow in the substitute in order to secure the plant inside the container or the trough.

There are many different methods of delivering water to the root of the plant. For the growth inside containers, each of the plants will need to be provided with an emitter for the water from an irrigation system. Water can be channeled to a row of plants inside of a trough like the nutrient film method. A large tray of specific plants can be watered from blow by filling the tray with water, and then allowing it to drain all of the excess water. This is called flood irrigation.

Water is then recycled within the nutrient film method and flood systems. It is harder to recycle using a drip irrigation system and it requires extra equipment like water sterilizer and fertilizer monitoring, as well as adjustment equipment.

There are different types of controlled environments. Each component of the environment agriculture, also called CEA, is equally crucial to the process. Not every hydroponic system is cost effective.

If attention is not balanced from the structure to the environment, the system will prove to be less productive than have planned. Therefore, it is extremely important to pay equal attention to every aspect of the hydroponic system.

Biological decomposition in the soil breaks down the organic matter into nutrient salts that the plants will feed on. Water dissolves the salts that allow the uptake of all the nutrients by the plant roots.

For a plant to receive a good balanced diet, everything inside the soil or solution must be in a perfect balance. The water quality can be an issue due to water that is alkaline or even has a bad salt content. It will result in an imbalance of the nutrients and the plant will grow poorly.
Softened water will contain amounts of sodium that proves to be harmful to the plant. Water that is high in salts should never be used.