CHAPTER I. MORE, ALAS! THAN THE QUEENS LIFE! The Queen is pretty well, Swift wrote to Lord Peterborough on May 18, 1714, at present, but the least disorder she has puts all in alarm. Swift goes on to tell his correspondent that when it is over we act as if she were immortal; neither is it possible to persuade people to make any preparations against an evil day. Yet on the condition of Queen Annes health depended to all appearance the continuance of peace in England. While Anne was sinking down to death, rival claimants were planning to seize the throne; rival statesmen and rival parties were plotting, intriguing, sending emissaries, moving troops, organizing armies, for a great struggle. Queen Anne had reigned for little more than twelve years. She succeeded William the Third on March 8, 172, and at the time when Swift wrote the words we have quoted, her reign was drawing rapidly to a close. Anne was not a woman of great capacity or of elevated moral tone. She was moral indeed in the narrow and more limited sense which the word has lately come to have among us. She always observed decorum and propriety herself; she always discouraged vice in others; but she had no idea of political morality or of high {2} political purpose, and she had allowed herself to be made the instrument of one faction or another, according as one old woman or the other prevailed over her passing mood. While she was governed by the Duchess of Marlborough, the Duke of Marlborough and his party had the ascendant. When Mrs. Masham succeeded in establishing herself as chief favorite, the Duke of Marlborough and his followers went down. Burnet, in his History of My Own Times, says of Queen Anne, that she is easy of access, and hears everything very gently; but opens herself to so few, and is so cold and general in her answers, that people soon find that the chief application is to be made to her ministers and favorites, who, in their turns, have an entire credit and full power with her. She has laid down the splendor of a court too much, and eats privately; so that, except on Sundays, and a few hours twice or thrice a week, at night, in the drawing-room, she appears so little that her court is, as it were, abandoned. Although Anne lived during the Augustan Age of English literature, she had no literary capacity or taste. Knellers portrait of the Queen gives her a face rather agreeable and intelligent than otherwise-a round, full face, with ruddy complexion and dark-brown hair. A courtly biographer, commenting on this portrait, takes occasion to observe that Anne was so universally beloved that her death was more sincerely lamented than that of perhaps any other monarch who ever sat on the throne of these realms. A curious comment on that affection and devotion of the English people to Queen Anne is supplied by the fact which Lord Stanhope mentions, that the funds rose considerably on the first tidings of her danger, and fell again on a report of her recovery. [Sidenote: 1714-Fighting for the Crown] England watched with the greatest anxiety the latest days of Queen Annes life; not out of any deep concern for the Queen herself, but simply because of the knowledge that with her death must come a crisis and might come a revolution....