Home > Science & Mathematics > Science: general issues > Philosophy of science > Hacedor y el Tiempo. Cibernética 3.0: Volumen I: Polarizaciones.
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Hacedor y el Tiempo. Cibernética 3.0: Volumen I: Polarizaciones.

Hacedor y el Tiempo. Cibernética 3.0: Volumen I: Polarizaciones.

          
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About the Book

Es posible ordenar el desarrollo de la cibernética en tres momentos fundamentales: 1) una cibernética 1.0, que emerge simultáneamente con la informática y la computación en la década de 1940. Sus protagonistas fueron Norbert Wiener (1894-1964), Arturo Rosenblueth (1900-1970), Warren McCulloch (1898-1969), Claude Shannon (2016-2001) y John von Neumann (1903-1957) entre muchos otros. 2) Una cibernética 2.0, que alcanza su culminación en la década de 1970, paralelamente al desarrollo de la inteligencia artificial, que incluyó a Heinz von Foerster (1911-2002), Margaret Mead (1901-1978), Gregory Bateson (1904-1980) y a los pensadores chilenos Humberto Maturana (1928-2021) y Francisco Varela (1946-2001). 3) Finalmente, tenemos la cibernética 3.0, en desarrollo desde el año 2010, que incluye los trabajos coordinados desde el Departamento de Computación de la Universidad de Alcalá en Madrid, por el profesor Luis de Marcos Ortega, la Dra. Carmen Flores Bjurström y quien escribe estas líneas.
Digamos que la cibernética 1.0, Rosenblueth y Wiener, estuvo centrada en el estudio del feedback. Montó analogías entre los sistemas de control y comunicación en los seres vivos y en las máquinas. Sus trabajos concluyeron con la vaga convicción de que detrás del feedback se escondía un penduleo entre alternativas opuestas. Por aquellos tiempos, las máquinas eran consideradas cosas que actuaban independientemente de sus operadores.
La cibernética de segundo orden, nace a principios de 1970. Con estos estudios, se introdujo el observador en la cibernética, dejando atrás el behaviorismo. Von Foerster consideraba que la cibernética clásica se dedicaba al estudio de los sistemas observados. Consideraba que se hacía necesario desarrollar una cibernética dedicada el estudio de los sistemas observantes. (He aquí las raíces del movimiento constructivista.)
En ese marco, los trabajos acerca de la organización de los procesos vitales, realizados por Maturana y Varela, consolidaron definitivamente a la cibernética 2.0, sustituyendo el concepto de feedback por el autopoiesis, entendida esta, como la fusión del observador con el sistema observado.
Ahora bien, en la circularidad de la autopoiesis, el Ego se observa a sí mismo en un feedback. Como consecuencia, el Ego autopoiético, queda atrapado en una cadena infinita de retroalimentaciones, constituyendo una perspectiva claramente subjetivista. La cibernética 2.0 pierde el carácter interactivo de la cibernética original, para convertirse en una teoría del conocimiento.
Para salvar los límites impuestos por la cibernética 1.0 y 2.0, nace la cibernética 3.0, la cual sustituye el feedback y la autopoiesis por la resonancia organizacional levitante (ROL).
Para la cibernética 3.0, el universo consiste en actos humanos de libertad variable respecto de sus predecesores. Imaginemos que esta serie de actos muestra una estructura binaria (ceros y unos). Diremos que una secuencia de actos es 1-libre, si es insensible a la selección según un solo predecesor. De manera similar, las secuencias pueden ser 2-libres, 3-libres ...n-libres, dependiendo del número de predecesores respecto a los cuales la secuencia es insensible. Una secuencia es n-libre, si cualquier selección de un número n de actos predecesores, nunca es libre-0. Decimos que el hacer vital es complejo en este sentido.
Hasta aquí las investigaciones realizadas entre 2008 y 2021 por quien escribe en conjunto con el profesor Luis de Marcos Ortega. A partir de 2020, se incorpora a la investigación la Dra. Carmen Flores Bjurström, quien aporta la perspectiva de la física cuántica. A partir de su incorporación, se hace necesario asumir que las series de unos y ceros, deben también incluir la superposición de ceros con unos (0/1). El concepto de resonancia organizacional levitante, es una adaptación del concepto de superposición de la física cuántica.


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Product Details
  • ISBN-13: 9798837450013
  • Publisher: Independently Published
  • Binding: Paperback
  • Language: Spanish
  • Returnable: N
  • Sub Title: Volumen I: Polarizaciones.
  • Width: 152 mm
  • ISBN-10: 883745001X
  • Publisher Date: 31 Jan 2022
  • Height: 229 mm
  • No of Pages: 328
  • Spine Width: 18 mm
  • Weight: 439 gr


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