Heroes of the Nations- A Series of Biographical Studies presenting the lives and work of certain representative historical characters, about whom have gathered the traditions of the nations to which they belong, and who have, in the majority of instances, been accepted as types of the several national ideals.12, Illustrated, cloth, each, 5 Half Leather, gilt top, each, 6 FOR FULL LIST SEE END OF THIS VOLUMEPage ixCongress of Vienna was held in 1815, not 1715, 54Franaise, not Francais. 160Caryatid, not Garytid. 190Omit word Equestrian. 236Plan of Battle of Rossbach: Substitute Frenchfor Austrian. 260Plan of Battle of Zorndorf: Substitute Russianfor Austrian. 292Plan of Battle of Torgau: Substitute Mockrehna for Mockrenner.iberoea of tbe IRattons. PREFACE: IN attempting to sketch the career of Frederickthe Great and to define its relation to the rise of Prussia, I have made free use of many printed works, especially of Fredericks own Enuresand of the elaborate Politische Correspondent of hisreign. With these great primary authorities mayperhaps be ranked the face and voice of modernGermany, rich in evidence of Fredericks work, which have doubtless influenced my opinions morethan I am aware of. Among secondary authorities I owe most to the opulent treasurehouse ofCarlyles Frederick the Great and to the more systematic narrative of Professor Koser. His Friedrichder Grosse als Kronprinz which largely inspired thewpric of Lavisse translated under the title Theouth of Frederick the Great, forms my chief sourcefor much of Fredericks early life, as does the lastvolume of the Konig Friedrich der Grosse 1903, forthe domestic labours after 1763. Mr. Herbert Tuttles judicious History of Prussia gave me much assistance down to the outbreak of the Seven YearsWar, and I have often referred to Mr. Lodges Modern Europe and Mr. Hendersons Short History ofGermany.At critical points in the record of the years 1712to 1786 I was influenced successively by themoires de la Margravine de Baireuth, the trenchantFrcttric II et MarieThfrhe of the Due de Broglie, the Politische Staatsschriften, Schafers Der Siebenjahrige Krieg, von Arneths Oesterreichische Geschichte, and Sorels The Eastern Question in theEighteenth Century. Many of the battles in Saxony, Brandenburg, Bohemia, and Silesia form the subject of monographs which it was interesting to studyon the field, sometimes with the aid of collectionsof maps and plans preserved in the neighbourhood.It would be impossible without a false pretenceof erudition to name more than a small portionof the books to which some reference must bemade in writing of the rise of Prussia. Studentswill recognise the debt that I owe to such wellknown works as those of Ranke, Droysen, Philippson, Forster, Seeley, Tsaacsohn, Oncken, Vitzthum, Archenholtz, and many more, as well as to the Essaysof Macaulay and Lord Mahon. My account of theearly history of Brandenburg is in part based on mypaper of April, 1901, in the Transactions of theRoyal Historical Society.I offer my grateful thanks to Mr. G. H. Putnamand to Mr. H. W. C. Davis for their counsel, toMr. G. H. M. Gray for minute scrutiny of the proofsheets, and to Messrs. Ernest and Harold Temperley, my indulgent comrades in Silesia. To the latterthis book owes much at every sta