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Evolution Der Chloroplastidaren Und Cytosolischen 6-Phosphogluconat-Dehydrogenasen Hoherer Pflanzen

Evolution Der Chloroplastidaren Und Cytosolischen 6-Phosphogluconat-Dehydrogenasen Hoherer Pflanzen

          
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About the Book

Die chloroplastidare 6-Phosphogluconat-Dehydrogenase (cp6PGDH) aus Spinatblattern wurde tausendfach bis zur Homogenitat mit Hilfe der folgenden Schritte gereinigt: Polyethylenimin-Fallung, Anionenaustauschchromatographie an Diethylaminoethyl-Fractogel, Gelfiltration in Superdex G200 und Affinitatschromatographie an ADP-Agarose. Das Enzym hatte eine spezifische Aktivitat von 60 U/mg und einen isoelektrischen Punkt von 4,9. Es ist ein Homodimer mit Untereinheiten von 50 kDa. Fur 6-Phosphogluconat wurde eine Michaelis-Konstante von 40 mboxmuM und fur NADP+ eine Michaelis-Konstante von 6 mboxmuM bestimmt. Gegen das gereinigte Enzym hergestellte polyklonale Antikorper erkannten ein Protein von 53 kDa in einem Rohextrakt und zeigten proteolytische Veranderungen wahrend der Reinigung auf. Die Mikrosequenzierung der gereinigten cp6PGDH war aufgrund der N-terminalen Blockierung des Proteins nicht moglich. Nach der Spaltung des Proteins mit der Endoproteinase LysC wurden vier der resultierenden Peptide sequenziert. Mit Hilfe von degenerierten Primern gegen die sequenzierten Peptide wurden durch PCR zunachst genspezifische Fragmente aus einer cDNA-Bank amplifiziert. Anschliessend wurde mit Hilfe von genspezifischen Primern die vollstandige cDNA fur die cp6PGDH aus Spinatblattern kloniert. Auf die gleiche Weise konnte zusatzlich die cDNA fur die cytosolische 6PGDH aus Spinatblattern mit Hilfe von degenerierten Primern gegen konservierte Bereiche bekannter cytosolischer 6PGDHn kloniert werden. Die phylogenetische Analyse zusammen mit vorhandenen eukaryotischen und prokaryotischen 6PGDHn ergab, dass die pflanzlichen Sequenzen die hochste Ahnlichkeit mit ihren cyanobakteriellen Homologen besitzen, wahrend die Sequenzen aus Tieren und Pilzen die hochste Ahnlichkeit mit denen aus beta- und gamma-Proteobakterien aufweisen. Die 6PGDHn hoherer Pflanzen wurden folglich von den cyanobakteriellen Vorlaufern der Plastiden durch Endosymbiose und anschliessenden Gentransfer zum Nukleus erworben. In der Folge entstanden im Laufe der pflanzlichen Evolution aus einer Duplikation des cyanobakteriellen Gens die heute vorliegenden chloroplastidaren und cytosolischen 6PGDHn hoherer Pflanzen. Die cytosolischen 6PGDHn cyanobakteriellen Ursprungs traten an die Stelle der bereits existierenden cytosolischen Homologe proteobakteriellen Ursprungs, welche noch immer in Tieren und Pilzen vorzufinden sind. Aus der Affinitat der 6PGDH und der Glucose-6-phosphat-Dehydrogenase aus Trypanosoma brucei zu den cyanobakteriellen bzw. pflanzlichen Sequenzen in phylogenetischen Analysen wurde gefolgert, dass dieser Humanparasit einst einen Plastiden besass und sekundar nicht-phototroph ist. Mit Hilfe einer phylogenetischen Analyse konnte weiterhin gezeigt werden, dass hohere Pflanzen zwei chloroplastidar lokalisierte Transaldolasen eubakteriellen Ursprungs besitzen. Die 6-Phosphogluconolactonasen hoherer Pflanzen hatten in einer phylogenetischen Analyse die hochste Ahnlichkeit mit ihren Homologen aus Tieren und Pilzen und waren ebenfalls eubakteriellen Ursprungs. Die Enzyme des OPPW von hoheren Pflanzen sind somit ausnahmslos eubakteriellen Ursprungs und wurden durch endosymbiontischen Gentransfer entweder von den cyanobakteriellen Vorgangern der Plastiden oder einer anderen eubakteriellen Quelle - wahrscheinlich von den alpha-proteobakteriellen Vorgangern der Mitochondrien - erworben. Chloroplast 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (cp6PGDH) from spinach leaves was purified 1000-fold to apparent homogeneity from a crude extract by the following steps: polyethyleneimine precipitation, anion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Fractogel, gel filtration in Superdex G200, and by affinity chromatography on ADP-Agarose. The final specific activity of the enzyme preparation was 60 U/mg. The enzyme is a homodimer with subunits of 50 kDa. The enzyme showed classical Michaelis-Menten kinetics with both substrate and cofactor. The Km (6-phosphogluconate) was 40 mboxmuM and the Km (NADP) was 6 mboxmuM. Antibodies raised against the purified cp6PGDH detected a 53 kDa protein from a crude extract, indicating alterations during purification. Attempts to sequence the undigested protein failed, probably due to a blocked N-terminus. When the enzyme was digested with endoproteinase LysC, the sequences of four of the resulting peptides were obtained. These peptides were used to design degenerate primers and to isolate gene-specific fragments by PCR from a cDNA library of spinach. The complete cDNA of cp6PGDH was determined by PCR with gene-specific primers and subsequent cloning and sequencing of the amplification products. The cytosolic 6PGDH from spinach leaves was also cloned with the same method as used for the cp6PGDH except with degenerate primers against conserved regions of known plant cytosolic sequences. Phylogenetic analysis in the context of available homologues from eukaryotes and prokaryotes revealed that animal and fungal cytosolic 6PGDH sequences are more similar to their homologues from beta- and gamma-proteobacteria, whereas plant 6PGDH is more similar to its cyanobacterial homologues. The ancestral gene for higher plant 6PGDH was acquired from the antecedent of plastids through endosymbiosis and gene transfer to the nucleus. A subsequent gene duplication gave rise to higher plant cytosolic 6PGDH, which assumed the function of its pre-existing cytosolic homologue through endosymbiotic gene replacement. The protein phylogeny of both 6PGDH and of the first enzyme of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, indicated a surprisingly close relationship between the plant and Trypanosoma brucei lineages, suggesting that this human parasite may be secondarily non-photosynthetic. The protein phylogeny of transaldolase indicated the existence of two distinct chloroplast enzymes in higher plants, which are of eubacterial origin. 6-phosphogluconolactonases of higher plants were most similar to their homologues from animals and fungi and of eubacterial origin. The enzymes of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway of higher plants are without exception of eubacterial origin and were acquired through endosymbiotic gene transfer from the cyanobacterial ancestor of plastids or another eubacterial source - most likely the alpha-proteobacterial ancestor of mitochondria.


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Product Details
  • ISBN-13: 9783897229785
  • Publisher: Logos Verlag Berlin
  • Publisher Imprint: Logos Verlag Berlin
  • Height: 296 mm
  • No of Pages: 85
  • Spine Width: 0 mm
  • Width: 210 mm
  • ISBN-10: 3897229781
  • Publisher Date: 15 Jul 2002
  • Binding: Paperback
  • Language: German
  • Returnable: N
  • Weight: 700 gr


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