The European Energy Law Report IV presents an overview of the most important legal developments in the field of EU and national energy law as discussed at the 2006 European Energy Law Seminar. It examines recent developments in EU and National Law affecting the energy sector. This includes the increasing use of EU competition law to liberalise the energy markets, the long-awaited implementation of the 2003 Electricity and Gas Directives in Germany and an assessment of Regulation 1775/2005 and its effect on the European gas market. Besides the energy market liberalisation, the Community is increasingly paying attention to the need for a sustainable and clean energy supply. The second part of the book therefore includes chapters on legal issues resulting from the experiences on emission trading in 2005-2007, the regulatory challenges resulting from the new Commission Energy Policy, the impact of the Amsterdam and Berlin Fora on EU Energy policy, and the EU policy framework on energy efficiency. An important tool for improving energy efficiency is the introduction of white certificates. The third part of the report presents the basic principles of white certificates as well as practical experiences and policies in some member states like Italy, France, The Netherlands and the UK. The final part of the report considers several issues related to the development and use of subsea electricity interconnectors and pays special attention to the development of the NorNed cable. It raises the need for a Treaty perspective on the developments of such subsea interconnectors. Then some regulatory views on the development of the NorNed cable and market coupling through the cable are presented. Finally, the economic and regulatory distinction between regulated and merchant interconnectors is discussed.
About the Author: Martha M. Roggenkamp is professor of Energy Law at the University of Groningen and Director of the Groningen Centre of Energy Law. She is also a board member of the Groningen Energy and Sustainability Program (GESP) and the coordinator of the North Sea Energy Law Program and the specialization 'Energy and Climate Law" in the LLM European Law. She has published widely on energy law issues since the early 1990s. She is the author of the monograph "Oil and Gas: Netherlands Law and Practice" (Chancery 1991) and "Het Juridisch Kader van Pijpleidingen in de Olie- en Gasindustrie" (PhD, Intersentia 1999). She is one of the co-editors of the book "Energy Law in Europe" (OUP 2003, 2007 and 2015), The Regulation of Power Exchanges in Europe (Intersentia 2004), the "European Energy Law Report I - X (Intersentia 2004-2014), "Legal Design of Carbon Capture and Storage-Developments in the Netherlands from an International and EU Perspective" (Intersentia 2009), "Energy Networks and the Law - Innovative Solutions in Changing Markets"(OUP 2012) and "Essential EU Climate Law"(Edgar Elgar forthcoming 2015). She also has the chair of the Dutch Association of Energy Lawyers and as a member of the Academic Advisory Group of the Section on Energy, Environment and Infrastructure law of the IBA she has participated in several research projects covering issues such as "Security of Energy Supply", "Human Rights in the Energy Sector", "Reregulating the Energy and Natural Resources Sector" and "The Law of Energy Underground" (all published at OUP). In addition, she is editor in chief of the series Energy & Law published by Intersentia (Antwerp), member of the editorial board of the Dutch Journal of Energy Law and of the editorial committee of the Journal of Energy and Natural Resources Law, the International Energy Law Review and the Renewable Energy Law and Policy Review.

Ulf Hammer has been Professor dr. juris at the University of Oslo, Scandinavian Institute of Maritime Law since 2004. He is head of the Institute's Department of Petroleum and Energy Law. Before that he was Senior Executive Officer in the Ministry of Petroleum and Energy (1983-1988), Assistant Judge (1988-1990), Legal Counsel in Hydro (1990-1995) and Research Fellow, Researcher and Associate Professor at the Scandinavian Institute of Maritime Law (1995-2004). He wrote his PhD thesis on the regulation of the Norwegian electricity market. He is co-author of several books on electricity law and petroleum law, and has published several articles on these topics.

With contributions of M. van der Woude, G. Kühne, J. Brand-Türkoglu, B. Delvaux, S. Muter Goldberg, L. Hancher, E. Ehlers, A. Boute, A. Capozza, W. Grattieri, S. Monjon, V. Oikonomou, M. M. Roggenkamp, C. van der Lippe, P. Meijer, U. Hammer, H.P.A. Knops, H. M. de Jong.