About the Book

Written as per the Indian Nursing Council syllabus.
Simple and lucid language.
Illustrated with simple diagrams and tables.
Each and every part of the syllabus is covered.
Contents are easy and prepared as per the examination.
Organised in logical sequence to understand easily.
Describes the management of clinical and community health services, and nursing educational programs.
Helps to understand the professional responsibilities, prospects and contribution to the growth of the profession.

About the Author

Nisha Clement mscn

Table of Contents:
Section 1: Management 1. Introduction to Management 3 History of Star Wars of Management 4 Concept of Management 8 Scope of Management 10 Nature of Management 11 Characteristics of Management 12 Need of Management 13 Difference Between Management and Administration 13 Levels of Management 14 Management Skills 16 Managerial Roles 17 2. Principles and Theories of Management 19 Management Process 19 Theories in Nursing Management 23 Behavioral Science Theories 28 Implications of Management Theories in Nursing 32 Application of Maslow’s Theory in Nursing Practice 33 3. Functions and Factors of Management 35 Elements of Management Process 35 Classification of Management Function 37 Management Needs Resources 39 Factors Affecting Management 39 Environmental Factors Affecting Management 39 Financial Factors Affecting Management 41 4. Nurse Manager 43 Qualities of Nurse Manager 43 Functions of Good Nurse Manager 44 Common Characteristics of Successful Manager 45 Clinical Responsibilities of Nurse Manager 45 Responsibilities of Nurse Manager 46 Role of Nurse Manager 48 Essential Skills Required for Nurse Manager 49 Common Problems Faced by Nurse Manager 50 Contents xii Essentials of Management of Nursing Service and Education 5. Nursing Management 52 Nursing Management Roles 52 Mission Statement of Nursing Management 53 Vision of Nursing Management 54 Philosophy of Nursing Management 54 Goals of Nursing Management 55 Section 2: Management Process 6. Planning 59 Characteristics 59 Essentials of Good Planning 61 Principles of Planning 61 Steps Involved in Planning 62 Importance 64 Components 64 Factors Affecting Planning 64 Advantages of Planning 65 Components of Safety Management Plan 66 7. Staffing 69 Staffing Philosophy 70 Aims and Objectives for Staff 70 Philosophy of Nursing Staffing 70 Factors Affecting Staffing 71 Functions of Staffing 72 Staffing Process 73 Principles of Staffing 73 Importance of Staffing 74 Steps Involved in Staffing Process 75 Steps of Staffing in the Hospital 76 Patient Classification System 76 8. Human Resource Management 78 Purpose of Human Resource Management 78 Philosophy of Human Resource Management 78 Objectives of Human Resource Management 80 Nature of Human Resource Management 81 Factors Affecting Human Resource Management 81 Functions of Human Resource Management 83 Scope of Human Resource Management 83 Characteristics of Human Resource Management 84 Beliefs of Human Resource Management 85 Futuristic Vision of Human Resource Management 85 Importance of Human Resource Management 86 Process of Human Resource Management 87 Contents xiii 9. Budget 92 Objectives in Budgeting 92 Purposes 93 Characteristic 93 Principles 93 Classifications 95 Importance 95 Benefits 96 Limitations 96 Steps in Budgeting 97 Cost-benefit Analysis 98 Budget Audit 99 Principles of Auditing 99 10. Material Management 101 Goals 102 Objectives 102 Principles of Purchasing and Material Management 102 Material Management Process 103 Procurement 104 Inventory Management 106 Advantages of Material Management 107 11. Directing/Leading 109 Nature of Direction 109 Meaning of Direction 110 Characteristics of Direction 110 Principles of Directing 111 Elements of Directing 112 Functions of Directing 113 Importance of Direction 113 Advantages of Direction 114 12. Controlling 116 Philosophy of Controlling 117 Controller’s Mission 117 Controlling Process 117 Characteristics of Controlling 119 Importance of Controlling 119 Management by Exception 119 Principles of Controlling 120 Steps of Controlling 120 Types of Control 121 Traditional Techniques of Control 121 xiv Essentials of Management of Nursing Service and Education 13. Program Evaluation and Review Technique 124 Description of PERT Chart 124 Three Chances of PERT 124 Terminologies in PERT 125 PERT Analysis 126 PERT Planning Steps 127 Basic Requirements of PERT 127 Advantages of PERT 128 Disadvantages of PERT 128 Uncertainty in Project Scheduling 128 Benchmarking 129 Activity Plan (Gantt Chart) 131 Section 3: Management of Nursing Services in the Hospital and Community 14. Hospital 137 Objectives 137 Scope 138 Functions 138 Steps of Hospital Planning 139 Hospital Facility Planning, Design and Development 140 15. Patient Care Unit 142 Nursing Unit Environment 142 Basic Components of Environment 142 Influence of External Environment 143 Furnishing Patient Care Unit 144 16. Ward Management 146 Organization Principles in Ward Management 146 Factors Influencing Ward Management 147 Functions of Head Nurse in Ward Management 149 17. Nursing Service Department 151 Philosophy of Nursing Service 151 Nursing Service Department 152 Essentials of Nursing Service 153 Factors Influencing Nursing Service 154 Roles/Functions of Leader/Manager 155 Common Nursing Service Activities 156 Roles/Responsibilities of Nursing Management 157 18. Community Health Services 158 Community Health Nursing 158 Objectives 159 Principles 159 Goals of Community Health Nursing 160 Contents xv Scope 160 Community Health Nurse 161 Community Health Center 162 Primary Health Center 163 19. Emergency Department/Services 164 Concept of Emergency Care 164 Functions of Emergency Care 164 Infrastructure and Design of Casualty 165 Staffing Pattern for Emergency Room 169 Managerial Issues in Emergency Room 170 Medicolegal Aspects of Emergency Department 170 Triage 171 Role of Nurse in Emergency Department 173 20. Disaster Management 175 Principles 175 Classification of Disaster 176 Readiness for Disaster 178 Disaster Management Cycle 179 Hospital Disaster Plan 179 Disaster Drill 181 Role of Nurses in Disaster Management 182 Parameters for Nursing Practice 183 Disaster Nursing 184 Problems in Disaster Management 186 Impact of Disaster on Community 186 Disaster Management in India 188 Agencies Involved in Disaster 189 21. Human Resource Management Process 190 Objectives 190 Recruitment 191 Selection 192 Staff Deployment 192 Placement 193 Staff Orientation 193 Training 194 Promotion 195 Staff Retention 195 Demotion 196 Superannuation 197 Human Resource Planning 198 22. Staffing in Nursing Service 202 Objectives of Staffing 202 Philosophy of Staffing in Nursing 202 xvi Essentials of Management of Nursing Service and Education Objectives of Staffing in Nursing 203 Factors Influencing Number of Nurses 203 Roles and Responsibilities in Nursing 204 Staffing Norms (Staff Inspection Unit) 205 Nursing Superintendent 206 Nursing Supervisor 208 Senior Staff Nurse 209 Junior Staff Nurse 210 23. Staff Development Program 214 Objectives of Staff Development 214 Staff Development Process 215 Functions of Staff Development 215 Staff Development Activities 216 Importance of Staff Development 216 Staff Development Organization 217 Staff Development Assessment Methods 217 Goals of Staff Development 217 Administrative Structure of Staff Development Program 218 Roles of Head Nurse in Staff Development 218 24. Staff Welfare 219 Purposes 219 Objectives 219 Characteristics 219 Employee Welfare Schemes 220 Statutory Welfare Schemes 220 Non-statutory Schemes 220 Faculty Improvement Techniques 221 Staff Welfare Activities 221 Formulation of Policies 221 25. Budgeting for Hospital and Community Services 224 Purposes 224 Importance of Budget 225 Steps in Budgeting Process 225 Budget as a Tool for Effective Administration 225 Principles of Budget 225 Classifications of Budget 226 Essential Requisition in Budget Preparation 227 Nurse Manager Role in Budgeting 227 Cost Analysis 228 26. Material Management 230 Objectives 231 Aims 231 Purposes 231 Needs 231 Contents xvii Principles 231 Material Management Process 231 Organizing for Material Management 233 Functions 234 Classes of Materials 235 Stock Verification 236 Store Keeping 236 27. Leadership 238 Characteristics of Leadership 238 Leadership Techniques 239 Importance of Leadership 239 Characteristics of Leader 239 Leadership Theories 239 Qualities of Good Leader 240 Differences Between Leadership and Management 241 Importance of Leadership 241 Leadership Styles 241 Free-Rein/Laissez-Faire/Delegative Leadership 243 Skills Required in Leadership 245 Leadership Activities 245 Effective Leadership in Nursing 245 Qualities of Nurse Leader 246 Leadership Styles in Nursing Management 246 Role of Nurse Manager 247 28. Nursing Audit 249 Auditing 249 Nursing Audit 250 Steps in Audit Process 251 Types of Audit 251 Methods of Audit 252 Methods to Develop Criteria 252 Principles of Auditing 253 Techniques of Auditing/Audit Techniques 254 Ethical Principles 254 Benefits of Audit 254 Nursing Auditor 255 Nursing Audit System 255 Advantages and Disadvantages of Nursing Audit 255 Audit Committee 255 Reliability of Audit Evidence 256 Procedure for Obtaining Audit Evidence 256 Audit Process 257 Steps of Audit Cycle 258 Nursing as a Total Quality Control 259 Uses of Nursing Audit 260 xviii Essentials of Management of Nursing Service and Education 29. Inventory Control 261 Meaning 261 Objectives 261 Importance 262 Types of Inventory Control System 262 Steps to Build Inventory Control 263 Techniques of Inventory Control 263 ABC Analysis 265 VED Analysis 266 Findings of ABC and VED Analysis 266 HML Analysis 267 Inventory Control Method 267 Advantages of Inventory Control 268 Disadvantages of Inventory Control 268 Role of Manager in Inventory Control 268 30. Delegation 270 Purpose of Delegating 271 Dimensions in Delegation 271 Principles of Delegation 271 Steps of Delegation Process 273 Elements of Delegation 273 Types of Delegation 274 Prerequisites for Effective Delegation 275 Role of Nurse Manager in Delegation 275 Barriers in Delegation 276 Advantages of Delegation 276 Effective Strategies of Delegation 276 Disadvantages of Delegation 277 Delegation in Nursing 278 31. Patient Assignment 280 Purpose of Assignment 280 Principles of Patient Assignment 281 Process of Organizing Patient Care 281 Methods of Patient Care Delivery 281 32. Job Rotation Plan 288 Keys to Successful Job Rotation 288 Scheduling 289 Duty Roster 289 Master Rotation Plan 291 Clinical Rotation Plan 292 Advantages of Job Rotation 293 Steps to Implement Job Rotation 294 Role of Nurse Manager in Job Rotation 295 Contents xix 33. Supervision 296 Objectives 296 Factors of Effective Supervision 296 Principles 297 Functions of Supervision in Directing 298 Types 300 Methods of Supervision 300 Principal Duties of a Supervisor 301 Effective Supervisory Skills 302 Supervisory Skills of a Manager 303 34. Guidance and Counseling 304 Guidance 304 Counseling 306 Functions of Guidance and Counseling 309 Need for Guidance and Counseling 310 Purposes of Student Nurse Counseling 310 Planning for Comprehensive Guidance and Counseling 311 Guidance and Counseling for Nursing Personnel 311 Role of Nurse Manager in Guidance and Counseling 312 35. Standards and Policies in Hospital/Community Services 314 Purposes of Standards 314 Importance of Standards 315 Sources of Nursing Standards 315 Characteristics of Standards 315 Purposes of Standard Education 317 Classification of Standards 317 Policy Manual 318 Advantages of Policies 318 Types of Policies 318 Plan of Organization/Organization Plan 320 Nursing Care Standards 320 Responsibilities of Nurse Manager 321 Stages of Development of International Standards 321 Impacts of ISO in a local Hospital 323 Impacts of ISO in a Local Nursing Educational Institution 323 Critical Analysis of ISO 323 36. Discipline 325 Aims and Objectives 325 Causes of Indiscipline in Staffing 325 Principles of Disciplinary Action 326 Components of a Disciplinary Action Program 327 Employee Code of Conduct 327 Penalties 327 xx Essentials of Management of Nursing Service and Education Approaches of Discipline 328 Self-discipline 329 Constructive vs Destructive Discipline 329 Dealing with Disciplinary Problems 329 Management in Disciplinary Action 330 Roles and Functions of Administrator in Discipline 330 37. Controlling in Management 332 Characteristics 333 Importance 333 Management by Exception 333 Principles 334 Features of Controlling Functions 335 Controlling Process 335 Essential Requirements of Good Control System 336 Steps in Controlling 337 Advantages of Controlling in Organization 338 Traditional Techniques of Control 339 Importance of Control in Management 341 38. Evaluation 343 Purposes 344 Evaluation Process 344 Components of Evaluation 344 Application of Evaluation in Management 345 Types of Evaluation 345 Management Principles in Evaluation 346 Factors Influencing Evaluation in Management 347 Methods of Evaluation in Management 348 Self-evaluation 351 Peer Evaluation 351 Monitoring Nursing Care 352 39. Performance Appraisal 353 Objectives 353 Purposes 354 Need for Performance Appraisal 354 Characteristics 354 Principles 355 Factors Affecting Performance Appraisal 355 Essentials of Good Appraisal System 357 Criteria of Performance Appraisal 357 Performance Appraisal Methods 357 Performance Appraisal Tool 359 Performance Appraisal in Clinical Practice 359 Contents xxi Benefits of Performance Appraisal 360 Importance of Performance Appraisal 361 Advantages of Performance Appraisal 363 40. Nursing Rounds/Ward Rounds 365 Purposes of Ward Rounds 365 Importance of Ward Rounds 365 Types of Nursing Round 366 Importance of Nursing Rounds 367 Roles of Head Nurse in Nursing Rounds 367 Advantages of Nursing Rounds 367 Disadvantages of Nursing Rounds 368 41. Recording and Reporting 369 Purpose of Records and Reports 369 Principles of Recording and Reporting 369 Importance of Records and Reports 370 Records used in Hospitals 370 Records used in the Community 371 Reports used in the Hospital 372 Records used in Hospital Administration 374 Reports used in Hospital Administration 375 Role of Nurses in Record Keeping 376 Writing Good Nursing Records 377 Important Tips in Documentation 377 Electronic Medical Records 378 Values of Clinical Records 378 42. Quality Assurance 380 History of Quality Assurance 380 Concept of Quality Assurance 381 Development of a Quality Assurance Program 381 Factors Affecting Quality Assurance in Nursing Care 382 Quality Assurance—Goals, Objectives and Policies 383 Areas of Quality Assurance 384 Quality Assurance Model 384 Principles of Quality Assurance 385 Approaches to Quality Assurance 386 Steps of Quality Assurance 387 Quality Assurance Methods 389 Quality Assurance Cycle 389 Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organization Quality Assurance Guidelines/Steps 392 Role of Nurse in Quality Assurance 393 Role of Nurse Administrator 393 xxii Essentials of Management of Nursing Service and Education 43. Total Quality Management 394 Objectives of TQM 394 Total Quality Management Tools 394 Total Quality Management Principles 395 Elements of Total Quality Management 396 Total Quality Management Process 399 44. Decision-making 401 Stages of Decision-making 401 Characteristics in Decision-making 401 Factors Affecting in Decision-making Process 402 Steps in Decision-making 403 Principles of Decision-making 403 Techniques and Tools of Decision-making 404 Types of Decisions 404 Decision-making Model 405 Theories of Decision-making 406 Models of Decision-making 407 Types of Decision-making 407 Common Mistakes in Decision-making 409 Dangers of Delayed Decision-making 409 Section 4: Important Aspects of Organizational Behavior 45. Organizational Behavior 413 Nature of Organizational Behavior 414 Characteristics of Organizational Behavior 414 Contributing Fields to Organizational Behavior 415 Organizational Behavior Model 416 Aspects/Scope of Organizational Behavior 416 Factors Affecting Organizational Behavior 419 Importance of Organizational Behavior 420 46. Organization 422 Aims of Organization 422 Nature of Organization 423 Importance of Organization 423 Types of Organization Structure 424 Principles of Organization 424 Principles of Organization by Henri Fayol 426 Principles of Organization in Nursing 429 Organization Chart 430 Benefits of Good Organization 432 Types of Organization 433 Line Organization 435 Contents xxiii Functional Organization 435 Line and Staff Organization 436 Committee Organization 438 47. Leadership in Nursing 441 Importance of Leadership 441 Characteristics of Leadership 442 Main Functions of a Leader 443 Theories of Leadership 444 Leadership Styles 444 Leadership as a Continuum 448 Conditions of Effective Leadership 448 Building Effective Leadership 449 Application of Leadership in Nursing 449 48. Motivation 451 Nature of Motivation 452 Motivational Process 452 Components of Motivation 452 Motive 453 Theories of Motivation 456 Motivational Qualities of Nurse Leader 459 Seven Rules of Motivation 460 A to Y Steps in Motivation 460 Application of Motivational Theory in Nursing 461 49. Communication 463 Nature of Communication 463 Importance of Communication 464 Elements of Communication 464 Characteristics of Communication 465 Process of Communication 466 Principles of Communication 467 Theories of Communication 467 Techniques to Improve the Communication 467 Types of Communication 469 Advantages of Communication 470 Disadvantages of Communication 471 Channels of Managerial Communication 471 Barriers of Communication 471 Communication in the Hospital 473 50. Interpersonal Relationship 475 Establishing Interpersonal Relationship 475 Importance of Interpersonal Relationship 476 Stages of Interpersonal Relationship 476 xxiv Essentials of Management of Nursing Service and Education Stages of Relationship Formation 477 Theories of Interpersonal Relationship 478 Skills of Interpersonal Relationship 479 Characteristics of Good Relationship 479 Qualities of Bad Relationship 480 Problems of Improper Interpersonal Relationship 480 Elements of Nurse-Client Relationship 481 Interpersonal Relationship System in Nursing 481 51. Group Dynamics 483 Objectives 483 Classifications of Group 484 Principles of Group Dynamics 484 Factors Influencing Group Dynamics 485 Stages of Groups 486 Stages of Group Development 486 Task Roles of Groups 486 Group Building and Maintenance Roles 487 Individual Roles of Group Member 487 Elements of Group Dynamics 487 Group Dynamics Process 488 52. Human Relations 491 Principles 491 Human Relations Skills 492 Importance of Human Relations 492 Factors Influencing Human Relations 493 Human Relation Theory of Management 494 Human Relations in the Context of Nursing 495 Nurses Role in Human Relations 495 53. Public Relations 497 Aims and Objectives 497 Need for Public Relations 498 Functions 498 Elements 498 Forms of Public Relation 499 Public Relation Plan for a Hospital 499 Method of Improving Public Relation in Hospital 501 Need for Public Relation in the Community 503 Methods of Maintaining Public Relation in the Community 503 Qualities of Public Relation Staff 504 Indicators for Assessing Public Relation in the Community 504 Public Relation in an Educational Institution 504 Contents xxv Types of Public Relation 505 Qualities of Public Relation in Educational Institution 506 Role of Dean 506 Nursing Service in Public Relations 508 Tools and Techniques of Public Relations 508 54. Professional Organizations in Collective Bargaining 510 Components of Profession 510 Trained Nurses Association of India 511 International Council for Nurses 512 Commonwealth Nurses Federation 512 Indian Nursing Council 512 Red Cross Society 513 World Health Organization 513 Student Nurses Association 513 Nurses League of the Clinical Medical Association 514 Christian Medical Association of India 514 International Organizations 515 Collective Bargaining 516 Section 5: Education 55. In-service Education 521 Aims and Objectives 522 Scope 522 Need for In-service Education 523 Importance 523 Principles 524 Characteristics of Good In-service Education 524 Factors Affecting In-service Program 524 Components of In-service Education 524 Approaches to In-service Education 525 Organization of In-service Education 526 Evaluation Methods Used 529 Problems Related to In-service Education 530 Suggestions for Improvement 530 56. Adult Education/Learning 532 Characteristics of Adult Learner 533 Characteristics of Adult Learning 534 Scope of Adult Education 534 Factors Influencing Adult Learning 535 Principles of Adult Learning 536 Importance of Adult Education 537 xxvi Essentials of Management of Nursing Service and Education Section 6: Nursing Educational Institutions 57. Organization of Nursing Institutions 541 Steps in Organization of Nursing Institution 541 Goals and Objectives of Nursing Education 541 Committees in School/College of Nursing 542 Advisory Committees 543 Types of Committees in Nursing 544 WHO Recommendations 545 Auxiliary Nurse Midwife 545 General Nursing and Midwifery 545 Basic Bachelor of Science in Nursing Degree 546 Post Basic Bachelor of Science in Nursing Course (Post Certificate) for Qualified Nurses 547 Master of Science in Nursing 548 Master of Philosophy in Nursing 549 Doctorate of Philosophy in Nursing 550 58. Professional Regulatory Bodies 552 Vital Role of Regulatory Bodies 552 Characteristics 553 Principles of Professional Bodies 553 Benefits of Professional Bodies 553 Importance of Professional Bodies 553 Indian Nursing Council 553 Role of State Government 554 International Council of Nurses 554 State Registration Council 555 Trained Nurses Association of India 555 59. Organization of Auxiliary Nurse Midwife Program 557 Guidelines for Establishing New School 557 Physical Facilities 558 Nursing Teaching Faculty 559 Clinical Facilities 559 60. Organization of General Nursing and Midwifery Program 560 Aims of GNM Program 560 Objectives of GNM Program 560 Guidelines and Minimum Requirements to Establish School of Nursing 561 Affiliation 567 Internal Assessment 567 Examinations for ANMs/LHVs/FHWs 568 Internship Period 569 Contents xxvii 61. Organization of Basic Bachelor of Science Program in Nursing 571 Objectives of BScN Program 571 Guidelines to Establish BSc College of Nursing 572 Minimum Requirements to Establish BScN Program 573 62. Organization of Post Basic Bachelor of Science Program in Nursing 581 Objectives of PB BScN Program 581 Guidelines and Minimum Requirements to Establish PB BScN College of Nursing 581 63. Organization of Master of Science Program in Nursing 584 Objectives of MScN Program 584 Philosophy of MScN Program 584 Guidelines to Establish MScN College of Nursing 585 Minimum Requirements to Establish MScN Program 586 Regulations for Examination 587 64. Accreditation of Nursing Educational Institutions 588 Purpose 588 Principles 589 Objectives 589 Accrediting Organizations in India 590 Benefits of Accredited Nursing Institutions 591 65. Staffing in College of Nursing 592 Principal 592 Vice-Principal 594 Professor 595 Associate Professor 596 Assistant Professor 597 Clinical Instructor 598 66. Curriculum 600 Purpose of Curriculum 600 Concept of Curriculum 601 Principles of Curriculum Construction 601 Factors Affecting Curriculum Development 602 Types of Curriculum 603 Models of Curriculum Design 604 Curriculum Implementation 605 Curriculum Evaluation 605 Curriculum Change and Innovations 607 Nursing Curriculum Courses 609 Curriculum Development in Nursing 609 xxviii Essentials of Management of Nursing Service and Education Section 7: Nursing as a Profession 67. Introduction to Nursing 613 Scope of Nursing 613 Nursing as a Profession 614 Newer Perspectives of Nursing Profession 615 Concept of Professionalism in Nursing 616 Values of a Professional Nurse 617 Roles of Professional Nurse 618 Functions and Responsibilities of Professional Nurse 618 68. Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct 620 Code of Ethics 620 Application of Code of Ethics in Nursing 621 Code of Professional Conduct 622 Professional Etiquette for Nurse 623 69. Ethical Issues in Nursing 625 Nursing Ethics 625 Ethical Principles 625 Ethical Dilemmas 628 Ethical Decision-making 629 Ethical Responsibility 630 70. Legal Issues in Nursing 632 Types of Laws 632 Common Legal Issues 632 Law and Nurse 632 Legal Issues in Nursing 633 Legal Aspects Related to Nursing Registration 634 Patient’s Bill of Right 635 Important Practice Standards for Breach Sanctions 635 Safeguarding the Nurse 636 Consumer Protection Act 636 Negligence in Nursing Practice 638 Malpractice in Nursing 639 71. Expanded Role of the Nurse 641 Contemporary Nurse Functions 641 Career Roles 642 72. Trends in Nursing 646 Historical Development of Nursing in India 646 Levels of Nursing Education 649 Training School 649 College of Nursing 649 Contents xxix Auxiliary Nurse Midwife 650 Multipurpose Health Worker (Female) Training 650 Female Health Supervisor Training 650 General Nursing and Midwifery 651 Graduate Nursing Education 651 Postgraduate Nursing Education 651 MPhil and PhD in Nursing 652 Vocational Nursing (At 10 + 2 Level) 652 Section 8: Professional Adjustment 73. Continuing Education in Nursing 655 Purpose of Continuing Education 655 Need of Continuing Education 656 Goals of Continuing Education 656 Philosophy of Continuing Education 656 Principles of Continuing Education 657 Scope of Continuing Education 657 Planning for Continuing Education 657 Continuing Education for Nurses 657 Importance of Continuing Education in Nursing 658 Types of Continuing Education 659 Benefits of Continuing Education 660 74. Career Opportunities in Nursing 662 Different Levels of Education in Nursing 662 Classification of Nurses by Nature of Work 663 Different Branches in Nursing Career 664 Nursing Career Opportunities 665 75. Collective Bargaining 683 History 683 Objectives 684 Characteristics 685 Collective Bargaining Process 685 Functions 686 Levels of Collective Bargaining 686 Advantages 687 Important Functions 687 Principles 687 Pros and Cons of Collective Bargaining 688 76. Professional Organization Membership 690 Functions of Professional Bodies 690 Indian Nursing Council 690 International Council of Nurses 692 xxx Essentials of Management of Nursing Service and Education Trained Nurses Association of India 693 State Nurses Registration Council 693 Student Nurse Association 694 Christian Medical Association of India 695 77. Research Activities in Nursing 697 Purposes of Research 698 Need for Research in Nursing 698 Area of Nursing Research 698 Characteristics of Nursing Research 698 Scope of Nursing Research 699 Importance of Nursing Research 699 Objectives of Conducting Nursing Research 700 Research-related Activities in Nursing 701 Role of Nurses in Research 701 78. Publications in Nursing 703 Need for Good Writing Skills in Nursing 703 Reason for Writing in Nursing 704 Steps in Writing for Publication 705 Importance of Writing in Nursing 706 Barriers to Writing 707 Appendix 709 Index 715