The phenomenon of entrepreneurship (or what preceded it more) the early era) has always aroused interest. It is believed that this concept in his contemporary reasoning was formulated by the french economist richard cantillon in the early xviii century. He thought of human entrepreneurs, is currently in a state of risk, and first remains the fact, what provides capital is different from the entrepreneurial function.
Famous economist xix century and. B. Says determined entrepreneurial activity how the combination of production factors (land, capital, labor) and recorded what "english entrepreneurial talent" is one of the success factors for the development of this country's industry.
In general, the founders of economics are not too interested in the figure of an entrepreneur, and this activity is not the subject of their scientific analysis. But. Smith, d. Riccardo represented how economics conforms to mechanisms, in which harmony provides the principle
"invisible hand". In the mechanistic picture of creative economic life, entrepreneurship is not a fixed place. Shows about how entrepreneurs about capitalist exploiters lay on the basis and economics of ke theory. Marx.
Awareness of the importance of entrepreneurial institutions began at the turn of the xix-xx centuries. Alfred marshal added to the classic three factors of production (earth, capital, labor) the fourth - organization. At 20-30 seconds gg.
The entrepreneur, as a rule, is identified with the head of the company, the manager of the production organizer.
At the same time later in 1911 g. Came out j. Schumpeter's book "the economic theory of development", in the first of which the entrepreneur was considered as an innovator. The essence of entrepreneurship is determined, according to schumpeter, by a special role - the creation of new combinations of factors of production. This function consists in applying innovation to the role that innovation plays in the development of a capitalist economy, and most topics in providing economic growth. And for schumpeter "neither property in the corporate industry nor generally in any property is an important sign of entrepreneur" 1 . Entrepreneur function - application in the new production combination - may run and the manufacturer, and the founder of the company, and endowed with administrative powers.
Fa von hayek's views on problem 2 have much in common with the ideas of j. Schumpeter. Economic competition, in hayek, a continuous process of looking for new opportunities, based on the desire to most effectively connect the unique knowledge of individuals with the market situation that is why the essence of entrepreneurship - searching for and exploring new economic opportunities is a characteristic of behavior, and not looking at activities.
"In almost all definitions of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship we talk about such behavior, which includes, firstly, elements of initiative. Second, socio-economic organization or reorganization of mechanisms, with the topic of being able to profitably use available resources and thirdly specific situations. Alone responsibility per possible failure te readiness to take risks".