Progress in technology has led to the setting of new records in every area, whether it is

related to health, defense, education, or industry. If we look into technology and

engineering, it is developing in each sector and significantly impacted development. In the

same way, we can see growth in the communication field, too, which has many applications

such as security and surveillance, environmental monitoring, industrial applications,

transportation & logistics, smart buildings, smart grids & energy control systems, health

care, as well as a wireless sensor network. A wireless sensor is a network of sensors

connected wirelessly. This technology is beneficial as it does not require any wires to be

laid for communication, and also, there is no strict rule for deploying sensors. The sensors

can be deployed in any area which has to be sensed through three main types: It can either

be 1) uneven sensor deployment, 2) trigonous sensor deployment, and 3) quadrangle sensor

deployment. It has been observed that this technology requires some development, so work

needs to be done to improve its credibility. So before starting, it is to be known in what way

it requires improvement; to find this, an extensive study of the past works is needed. We all

know power is the heart of every technology nowadays; after losing the whole control,

technology shuts down; similarly, sensors in a wireless sensor network are battery operated

as battery discharged sensor or nodes becomes dead or does not remain a part of the system.

So, to make the sensor battery last longer, work towards this is needed, and also, it is

required to find where the network uses most of the energy and how it can be saved. This

preliminary plan then becomes the aim of this thesis. While studying past works, it is found

that mainly energy is consumed while sending the data to the base station; if each sensor

communicates with the base station for sharing data, then sensors' battery drains, and the

network becomes dead early. After this, a way is needed that all sensors do not send data;

only one sensor sends data after taking it from other sensors, then clustering came into

existence. In a wireless sensor network (WSN), clustering is a set of nodes in one of the

nodes becoming a cluster head. The cluster head selects three-nodes that localize the

running object and compute the information and forward it the cluster head. Cluster heads

the information forwards to the sink node or base station .

To incorporate clustering LEACH is introduced, LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Cluster Hierarchy) is the essential work done in this direction. It is the best way of energy conservation by clustering . In this book,

the work done in the past will be compared with the proposed algorithm. This gives the

basic concept or algorithm for reducing energy consumption., it is used in tracking a

moving object by enhancing it and introducing a few more algorithms to increase the

network's lifetime during the tracking of moving objects. Before going deep into the

technology, it is required to know a few more about unwired sensor networks. The unwired

sensor network is a combination of a highly distributed group of battery-powered lightweight

nodes deployed in large numbers to monitor the environment or system