Discourse on the Origin and the Foundations of Inequality Among Men
The Second Discourse
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Translated by Ian Johnston
Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality Among Men, also commonly known as the "Second Discourse," is a work by philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
Rousseau first exposes in this work his conception of a human state of nature, presented as a philosophical fiction (like by Thomas Hobbes, unlike by John Locke), and of human perfectibility, an early idea of progress. He then explains the way, according to him, people may have established civil society, which leads him to present private property as the original source and basis of all inequality.
In this text, the explanatory notes which appear at the end of the document are provided by the translator. The presence of such notes is indicated by an asterisk in the text which links to the relevant note. Rousseau's notes -- indicated by an Arabic numeral in brackets in the text -- also appear at the conclusion of the main text. The numerals link directly to the appropriate note. Editorial insertions into the text by the translator are indicated by square brackets, e.g., [inserted comment]. Some of Rousseau's longer paragraphs have been divided up into shorter units.
Where Rousseau has provided a Latin quotation, this text has the English translation, with a link to the original Latin in the footnote.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778), the very famous French philosopher and writer, prepared his Discourse on Inequality (also called the Second Discourse) as an entry in a competition organized by the Academy of Dijon in 1754. He had won first prize in a previous competition (in 1750) with his Discourse on the Sciences and the Arts (the First Discourse), a victory which had helped to make him famous. The Second Discourse did not fare so well in the contest.
When the Second Discourse was published again in 1782, Rousseau inserted a few short minor additions into the text. These are included here but are not indicated.
Discourse on the Origin and the Foundations of Inequality Among Men
by
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Citizen of Geneva
