Excerpt from Diptera Danica, Vol. 6: Genera and Species of Flies Hitherto Found in Denmark

Lunula present; de Meijere remarks (bronn: Klass. Und Ordn. D. Tier-reichs V, 3, 1916, 42) that the frons is a little more chitinized just above the antennae, and this might be interpreted as an indication of a lunula. The eyes are very large, occupying the whole front part of the head, and in Pipunculus with the longer head they even are enormous; in Nephrocerus they are somewhat reniform behind; they are practically bare, but in reality they have some short, very scarce hairs, only seen under the microscope; in the male the facets are a little enlarged over about the whole eye, decreasing evenly towards the hind margin, in the female the facets are much to very much enlarged in a small space in front around the bases of the antennae. The antennae are inserted in the middle of the head, close to each other; they are six-jointed, the basal joint is very small, the second a little larger, somewhat calicular, the third is compressed, oval or irregularly reniform, rarely more roundish, it is dilated down wards so that its long axis is perpendicular to the axis of the antennae; below it is in Pipunculus either more or less pointed or drawn out in a shorter or longer, sometimes rather long rostrum, in the other genera it is rounded below; the three last joints form an arista, which is inserted dorsally on the third joint quite at the base; the basal joints of the arista are quite small, especially the first, and only seen under the microscope; the basal joints, and the base of the third joint form a thickened basal part; the second antenna] joint has shorter or longer hairs above and below, sometimes rather long and numerous, especially in Verrallia, the third joint is pubescent, generally silvery, the arista is bare with only the basal joints and the thickened basal part of the third joint microscopically hairy, the latter'only on the upper side. Epistoma is narrow and forms a band with parallel borders from the antennae to the oral aperture, in Chalai'us and Ver rallia it widens a little downwards. No jowls are developed as the eyes reach quite to the oral aperture. An oral cone is present, but small; clypeus is somewhat horse-shoe-shaped and lies on the front part of the oral cone quite up to the lower end of epistoma, it is, as in other cyclorrhaphous flies, in connection with the pharynx; when in situ its basal part is seen at the end of epistoma as a small knob. The mouth parts are small and as a rule not or slightly seen; labrum and hypopharynx are small, somewhat triangular, of about equal length; the maxillary palpi are rather long, thin, but thickened towards the end and club-shaped; I could not detect any maxillary lacinia. La bium has a chitinized basal part sending out two long processes back.

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