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Die Pathologie Der Influenza (Grippe)

Die Pathologie Der Influenza (Grippe)

          
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About the Book

Die sogenannte Spanische Grippe war eine Influenza-Pandemie, die durch einen ungewöhnlich virulenten Abkömmling des Influenzavirus (Subtyp A/H1N1) verursacht wurde und sich zwischen 1918 - gegen Ende des Ersten Weltkriegs - und 1920 in drei Wellen verbreitete und bei einer Weltbevölkerung von etwa 1,8 Milliarden zwischen 27 Millionen und 50 Millionen Menschenleben forderte; Vermutungen reichen bis zu 100 Millionen. Damit starben an der Spanischen Grippe mehr Menschen als im Ersten Weltkrieg (17 Millionen). Insgesamt sollen etwa 500 Millionen Menschen infiziert worden sein, was eine Letalität von 5 bis 10 Prozent ergibt, die damit deutlich höher lag als bei Erkrankungen durch andere Influenza-Erreger. Obduktionen zeigten, dass bei den Grippetoten häufig die Atemwege befallen waren, gelegentlich auch das Mediastinum. Entzündungsherde fanden sich innerhalb der Lungen zumeist in den Unterlappen, bei vielen war die Pleurahöhle vereitert. Die Milz war oft vergrößert, seltener die Leber, sie und die Nieren wiesen mitunter Schädigungen, die Hirnhäute oft Reizungen auf: Die Diagnose war nicht immer einfach, da die beobachteten Symptome abwichen, so litten manche Patienten vor allem unter Gliederschmerzen. Aufgrund der starken Schüttelfröste vieler Patienten tippten spanische Ärzte zunächst auf Malaria oder Typhus abdominalis. Überlebende waren oft Wochen von starker Müdigkeit und chronischer Erschöpfung gezeichnet, nicht selten traten auch Depressionen als Folgeerscheinung auf. Wer eine Lungenentzündung überlebte, dem stand nicht selten eine langwierige und mühsame Rekonvaleszenz bevor. Als Folge der Influenza-Infektion litten viele Menschen für den Rest ihres Lebens an neurologischen Funktionsstörungen, so beschrieben Pathologen wiederholt die Encephalitis haemorrhagica acuta, seinerzeit Flohstich-Enzephalitis genannt, und deren Folgen. Eine Besonderheit der Spanischen Grippe war, dass ihr vor allem 20- bis 40-jährige Menschen erlagen, während Influenzaviren sonst besonders Kleinkinder und alte Menschen gefährden. Varianten des Subtyps A/H1N1 verursachten 1977/1978 den Ausbruch der Russischen Grippe und 2009 den der "Schweinegrippe"-Pandemie. Die Asiatische Grippe (1957) und die Hongkong-Grippe (1968) basierten zwar auf anderen Subtypen, der überwiegende Anteil der internen Gene stammt jedoch vom Virus der Spanischen Grippe, weswegen sie noch im Jahre 2006 als "Mutter aller Pandemien" bezeichnet wurde. Weiterhin wurde eine nennenswerte Häufung von Fällen der Encephalitis lethargica beobachtet. Hierbei handelt es sich um eine Form der Gehirnentzündung, die Lethargie, unkontrollierte Schlafanfälle und eine temporäre, der Parkinson-Krankheit ähnliche Störung sowie in manchen Fällen einen dauerhaften postenzephalitischen Parkinsonismus auslöste. Ein direkter Zusammenhang der Encephalitis lethargica mit der Spanischen Grippe ist jedoch nicht bewiesen worden; in von McCall et al. im Jahre 2001 sowie Lo et al. 2003 untersuchten Gewebeproben fanden sich keine Hinweise auf das Influenza-Virus.


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Product Details
  • ISBN-13: 9798652487195
  • Publisher: Independently Published
  • Publisher Imprint: Independently Published
  • Height: 280 mm
  • No of Pages: 134
  • Spine Width: 9 mm
  • Width: 216 mm
  • ISBN-10: 8652487197
  • Publisher Date: 09 Jun 2020
  • Binding: Paperback
  • Language: German
  • Returnable: N
  • Weight: 448 gr


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