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Guerra de Submarinos na Segunda Guerra Mundial: A história da luta sob as ondas do Atlântico e do Pacífico

Guerra de Submarinos na Segunda Guerra Mundial: A história da luta sob as ondas do Atlântico e do Pacífico

          
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About the Book

O perigo rondava sob as águas frias e cinzentas do Mar do Norte e as ondas azuis cintilantes do Atlântico tropical durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial, enquanto o Terceiro Reich de Adolf Hitler tentava estrangular as rotas de navegação aliadas com ataques de U-boat. Submarinos alemães e britânicos vasculharam o vasto campo de batalha oceânico em busca de presas, enquanto os cientistas desenvolviam novas tecnologias e contramedidas.
A guerra submarina começou provisoriamente durante a Guerra Civil Americana (embora os Países Baixos e a Inglaterra tenham feito pequenos protótipos séculos antes, e o sargento americano Ezra Lee pilotou o "Turtle" sozinho em vão contra o HMS Eagle perto de Nova York em 1776). A invenção do torpedo pelo britânico Robert Whitehead introduziu a arma mais tarde usada com mais frequência por submarinos. Melhorias constantes no design de Whitehead levaram aos torpedos militares implantados contra a navegação durante as duas guerras mundiais.
A Primeira Guerra Mundial testemunhou a Primeira Batalha do Atlântico, quando o Kaiserreich lançou seus U-boats contra a Inglaterra. Durante os 52,5 meses de guerra, os submarinos alemães enviaram grande parte da marinha mercante britânica para o fundo. Na verdade, a dependência alemã dos U-boats tanto na Primeira quanto na Segunda Guerra Mundial derivou em grande parte da geografia de seu país. Os alemães acabaram reconhecendo a primazia da Marinha Real e sua capacidade de bloquear a curta costa da Alemanha em caso de guerra. Embora os britânicos pudessem interditar facilmente os navios de superfície, os submarinos escaparam de suas ancoragens em Kiel ou Hamburgo sem serem vistos, podendo atacar os navios mercantes da Inglaterra.
Durante a Primeira Guerra Mundial, os submarinos alemães operaram sozinhos, exceto em uma ocasião. Inicialmente, os britânicos e as nações que abasteciam a Inglaterra com alimentos e material espalharam navios isoladamente pelo oceano, tornando-os vulneráveis aos submarinos solitários. No entanto, a ampla retomada do sistema de comboio no final da guerra derrubou as probabilidades a favor dos navios de superfície, conforme descrito por um capitão de submarino: "Os oceanos imediatamente ficaram vazios; por longos períodos de tempo, os U-boats, operando individualmente, não veriam absolutamente nada; e então, de repente, surgia uma enorme multidão de navios, trinta ou cinquenta ou mais deles, cercados por uma forte escolta de navios de guerra de todos os tipos. (Blair, 1996, 55).
A Primeira Guerra Mundial provou o valor dos submarinos, garantindo seu emprego generalizado no próximo conflito. Além da Alemanha e da Grã-Bretanha, o Japão e os Estados Unidos também construíram extensas frotas de submarinos antes e / ou durante a guerra. Uma inovação crítica nas operações do submarino atlântico da Segunda Guerra Mundial consistia em táticas de matilha de lobos, nas quais o almirante Karl Dönitz confiava muito: "Quanto maior o número de U-boats que pudessem ser trazidos simultaneamente para o ataque, os mais favoráveis seriam as oportunidades oferecidas a cada atacante individual. [...] era óbvio que, por motivos estratégicos e táticos gerais, os ataques a comboios devem ser realizados por uma série de U-boats que atuam em uníssono. " (Dönitz, 1990, 4).
No entanto, mesmo a matilha se mostrou insuficiente para derrotar os comboios do Atlântico e parar o comércio aliado - o oposto exato do teatro do Pacífico, onde as excelentes forças submarinas da América aniquilaram grande parte da marinha mercante do Japão e infligiram graves danos à Marinha Imperial Japonesa.
Os submarinos exerceram um impacto decisivo no desfecho do Teatro do Pacífico na Segunda Guerra Mundial. A frota de submarinos dos Estados Unidos, em grande parte, embora não exclusivamente sob o comando geral do vice-almirante Charles Lockwood, ultrapassou as linhas de abastecimento e o tráfeg


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Product Details
  • ISBN-13: 9798740991016
  • Publisher: Independently Published
  • Publisher Imprint: Independently Published
  • Height: 280 mm
  • No of Pages: 94
  • Spine Width: 5 mm
  • Weight: 240 gr
  • ISBN-10: 8740991016
  • Publisher Date: 19 Apr 2021
  • Binding: Paperback
  • Language: Portuguese
  • Returnable: N
  • Sub Title: A história da luta sob as ondas do Atlântico e do Pacífico
  • Width: 216 mm


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