With its sweeping, inclusive view of American history, Created Equal emphasizes social history–including the lives and labors of women, immigrants, working people, and minorities in all regions of the country–while delivering the familiar chronology of political and economic history. By integrating the stories of a variety of groups and individuals into the historical narrative, Created Equal helps connect the nation’s past with the student’s present.   Created Equal explores an expanding notion of equality and American identity—-one that encompasses the stories of diverse groups of people, territorial growth and expansion, the rise of the middle class, technological innovation and economic development, and engagement with other nations and peoples of the world.

Table of Contents:
Detailed Contents Maps   Figures and Tables   Features    Preface   Supplements   Meet the Authors A Conversation with the Authors   Acknowledgments     Part One. North American Founders 1. First Founders Ancient America   The Question of Origins The Archaic World The Rise of Maize Agriculture  A Thousand Years of Change: 500 to 1500     Valleys of the Sun: The Mesoamerican Empires    The Anasazi: Chaco Canyon and Mesa Verde    The Mississippians: Cahokia and Moundville    Linking the Continents    Oceanic Travel: The Norse and the Chinese    Portugal and the Beginnings of Globalization    Looking for the Indies: Da Gama and Columbus    In the Wake of Columbus: Competition and Exchange    Spain Enters the Americas    The Devastation of the Indies    The Spanish Conquest of the Aztec    Magellan and Cortés Prompt New Searches    Three New Views of North America    The Protestant Reformation Plays Out in America    Reformation and Counter-Reformation in Europe    Competing Powers Lay Claim to Florida    The Background of English Expansion    Lost Colony: The Roanoke Experience    Conclusion    Envisioning History The World as a Clover: Mapping for Art, Religion, or Science    The Wider World The Lateen Rig: A Triangular Sail That Helped to Conquer Oceans    Interpreting History “These Gods That We Worship Give Us Everything We Need”      2. European Footholds in North America, 1600–1660   Spain’s Ocean-Spanning Reach    Vizcaíno in California and Japan    Oñate Creates a Spanish Foothold in the Southwest    New Mexico Survives: New Flocks Among Old Pueblos    Conversion and Rebellion in Spanish Florida    France and Holland: Overseas Competition for Spain    The Founding of New France    Competing for the Beaver Trade    A Dutch Colony on the Hudson River    “All Sorts of Nationalities”: Diverse New Amsterdam    English Beginnings on the Atlantic Coast    The Virginia Company and Jamestown    “Starving Time” and Seeds of Representative Government    Launching the Plymouth Colony    The Puritan Experiment    Formation of the Massachusetts Bay Company    “We Shall Be as a City upon a Hill”    Dissenters: Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson    Expansion and Violence: The Pequot War    The Chesapeake Bay Colonies    The Demise of the Virginia Company    Maryland: The Catholic Refuge    The Dwellings of English Newcomers    The Lure of Tobacco    Conclusion    Envisioning History A Roof Overhead: Early Chesapeake Housing    The Wider World Freedom of the Seas: Grotius and Maritime Law    Interpreting History Anne Bradstreet: “The Tenth Muse, Lately Sprung Up in America”      3. Controlling the Edges of the Continent, 1660–1715   France and the American Interior    The Rise of the Sun King    Exploring the Mississippi Valley    King William’s War in the Northeast    Founding the Louisiana Colony    The Spanish Empire on the Defensive   The Pueblo Revolt in New Mexico    Navajo and Spanish on the Southwestern Frontier    Borderland Conflict in Texas and Florida    England’s American Empire Takes Shape    Monarchy Restored and Navigation Controlled    Fierce Anglo-Dutch Competition   The New Restoration Colonies    The Contrasting Worlds of Pennsylvania and Carolina    Bloodshed in the English Colonies: 1670–1690    Metacom’s War in New England    Bacon’s Rebellion in Virginia    The “Glorious Revolution” in England    The “Glorious Revolution” in America    Consequences of War and Growth: 1690–1715    Salem’s Wartime Witch Hunt    The Uneven Costs of War    Storm Clouds in the South    Conclusion    Envisioning History La Salle’s Ship, the Belle, Is Raised from a Watery Grave    The Wider World William Dampier: The World Became His University    Interpreting History “Marry or do not marry”     Part Two. A Century of Colonial Expansion to 1775   4. African Enslavement: The Terrible Transformation   The Descent into Race Slavery    The Caribbean Precedent    Ominous Beginnings    Alternative Sources of Labor    The Fateful Transition    The Growth of Slave Labor Camps    Black Involvement in Bacon’s Rebellion   The Rise of a Slaveholding Tidewater Elite    Closing the Vicious Circle in the Chesapeake    England Enters the Atlantic Slave Trade    Trade Ties Between Europe and Africa    The Slave Trade on the African Coast    The Middle Passage Experience    Saltwater Slaves Arrive in America    Survival in a Strange New Land    African Rice Growers in South Carolina    Patterns of Resistance    A Wave of Rebellion    The Transformation Completed    Second Class Status in the North    Uncertain Voices of Dissent    Is This Consistent “with Christianity or Common Justice”?    Oglethorpe’s Antislavery Experiment    The End of Equality in Georgia    Conclusion    Envisioning History Drums and Banjos: African Sounds in English Colonies    The Wider World The Odyssey of Job Ben Solomon    Interpreting History “Releese Us out of This Cruell Bondegg”      5. An American Babel, 1713–1763   New Cultures on the Western Plains    The Spread of the Horse    The Rise of the Comanche    Creation of Comanchería on the Southern Plains    The Expansion of the Sioux    Britain’s Mainland Colonies: A New Abundance of People    Population Growth on the Home Front    “Packed Like Herrings”: Arrivals from Abroad    Non-English Newcomers in the British Colonies    The Varied Economic Landscape    Sources of Gain in Carolina and Georgia    Chesapeake Bay’s Tobacco Economy    New England Takes to the Sea    Economic Expansion in the Middle Colonies    Matters of Faith: The Great Awakening    Seeds of Religious Toleration    The Onset of the Great Awakening: Pietism and George Whitefield    “The Danger of an Unconverted Ministry”    The Consequences of the Great Awakening    The French Lose a North American Empire    Prospects and Problems Facing French Colonists    British Settlers Confront the Threat from France    An American Fight Becomes a Global Conflict    Quebec Taken and North America Refashioned    Conclusion    Envisioning History Putting Mary Jemison on a Pedestal    The Wider World Solving the Problem of Longitude   Interpreting History “Pastures Can Be Found Almost Everywhere”: Joshua von Kocherthal Recruits Germans to Carolina      6. The Limits of Imperial Control, 1763–1775   New Challenges to Spain’s Expanded Empire    Pacific Exploration, Hawaiian Contact    The Russians Lay Claim to Alaska    Spain Colonizes the California Coast    New Challenges to Britain’s Expanded Empire    Midwestern Lands and Pontiac’s War for Indian Independence    Grenville’s Effort at Reform    The Stamp Act Imposed    The Stamp Act Resisted    “The Unconquerable Rage of the People”    Power Corrupts: An English Framework for Revolution    Americans Practice Vigilance and Restraint    Rural Unrest: Tenant Farmers and Regulators    A Conspiracy of Corrupt Ministers?   The Townshend Duties    Virtuous Resistance: Boycotting British Goods    The Boston Massacre    The Gaspée Affair Prompts Committees of Correspondence    Launching a Revolution    The Tempest over Tea    The Intolerable Acts    From Words to Action    Conclusion    Envisioning History William Hogarth’s “The Times,” 1762    The Wider World “Farther than Any Other Man”: Cook’s Second Voyage    Interpreting History “Squeezed and Oppressed”: A 1768 Petition by 30 Regulators      Part Three. The Unfinished Revolution, 1775–1803   7. Revolutionaries at War, 1775–1783   “Things Are Now Come to That Crisis”    The Second Continental Congress Takes Control    “Liberty to Slaves”    The Struggle to Control Boston    Declaring Independence    “Time to Part”    The British Attack New York    “Victory or Death”: A Desperate Gamble Pays Off    The Struggle to Win French Support    Breakdown in British Planning    Saratoga Tips the Balance    Forging an Alliance with France    Legitimate States, a Respectable Military    The Articles of Confederation    Creating State Constitutions    Tensions in the Military Ranks    Shaping a Diverse Army    The War at Sea    The Long Road to Yorktown    Indian Warfare and Frontier Outposts    The Unpredictable War in the South    The Final Campaign    Winning the Peace    Conclusion    Envisioning History Benjamin Franklin: The Diplomat in a Beaver Hat The Wider World The Journey of Tom and Sally Peters    Interpreting History “Revoking Those Sacred Trusts Which Are Violated”: Proclaiming Independence in South Carolina, May 1776       8. New Beginnings: The 1780s   Beating Swords into Plowshares    Will the Army Seize Control?    The Society of the Cincinnati    Renaming the Landscape   An Independent Culture    Competing for Control of the Mississippi Valley    Disputed Territory: The Old Southwest    Southern Claims and Indian Resistance    “We Are Now Masters”: The Old Northwest    The Northwest Ordinance of 1787    Debtor and Creditor, Taxpayer and Bondholder    New Sources of Wealth    “Tumults in New England”    Shay’s Rebellion: The Massachusetts Regulation   Drafting a New Constitution    Philadelphia: A Gathering of Like-Minded Men    Compromise and Consensus    Questions of Representation    Slavery: The Deepest Dilemma    Ratification and the Bill of Rights    The Campaign for Ratification    Dividing and Conquering the Anti-Federalists    Adding a Bill of Rights    Conclusion    Envisioning History “Grand Federal Processions”   The Wider World John Ledyard’s Wildly Ambitious Plan    Interpreting History Demobilization: “Turned Adrift Like Old Worn-Out Horses”     9. Revolutionary Legacies, 1789–1803   Competing Political Visions in the New Nation    Federalism and Democratic-Republicanism in Action    Planting the Seeds of Industry    Echoes of the American Revolution: The Whiskey Rebellion    Securing Peace Abroad, Suppressing Dissent at Home    People of Color: New Freedoms, New Struggles    Blacks in the North    Manumissions in the South    Continuity and Change in the West    Indian Wars in the Great Lakes Region    Patterns of Indian Acculturation    Land Speculation and Slavery    Shifting Social Identities in the Post-Revolutionary Era    The Search for Common Ground    Artisan-Politicians and Menial Laborers    “Republican Mothers” and Other Well-Off Women    A Loss of Political Influence: The Fate of Nonelite Women    The Election of 1800   The Enigmatic Thomas Jefferson    Protecting and Expanding the National Interest    Conclusion    Envisioning History President-Elect Washington is Greeted by the Women and Girls of Trenton, New Jersey    The Wider World Comparative Measures of Equality in the Post-Revolutionary World  Interpreting History A Farmer Worries about the Power of “the Few”      Part Four. Expanding the Boundaries of Freedom and Slavery, 1804–1848   10. Defending and Expanding the New Nation, 1804–1818   The British Menace    The Embargo of 1807    On the Brink of War    The War of 1812    Pushing North    Fighting on Many Fronts    An Uncertain Victory   The “Era of Good Feelings”?    Praise and Respect for Veterans After the War    A Thriving Economy    Transformations in the Workplace    The Market Revolution    The Rise of the Cotton Plantation Economy    Regional Economies of the South    Black Family Life and Labor    Resistance to Slavery    Conclusion    Envisioning History A Government Agent Greets a Group of Creek Indians   The Wider World Which Nations Transported Slaves in 1800?    Interpreting History Cherokee Women Petition Against Further Land Sales to Whites in 1817      11. Society and Politics in the “Age of the Common Man,” 1819–1832   The Politics Behind Western Migration    The Missouri Compromise    Ways West: The Erie Canal    Spreading American Culture–and Slavery    Migration and Its Effects on the Western Environment    The Panic of 1819 and the Plight of Western Debtors    The Monroe Doctrine    Andrew Jackson’s Rise to Power    Federal Authority and Its Opponents    Judicial Federalism and the Limits of Law    The “Tariff of Abominations”    The “Monster Bank”    Americans in the “Age of the Common Man”    Wards, Workers, and Warriors: Native Americans    Slaves and Free People of Color    Legal and Economic Dependence: The Status of Women    Ties That Bound a Growing Population    New Visions of Religious Faith    Literary and Cultural Values in America    Conclusion    Envisioning History A Rowdy Presidential Inauguration    The Wider World The Global Trade in Cotton Interpreting History Eulalia Perez Describes Her Work in a California Mission      12. Peoples in Motion, 1832–1848   Mass Migrations    Newcomers from Western Europe    The Slave Trade    Trails of Tears    Migrants in the West    Government-Sponsored Exploration    The Oregon Trail    New Places, New Identities    Changes in the Southern Plains    A Multitude of Voices in the National Political Arena    Whigs, Workers, and the Panic of 1837    Suppression of Antislavery Sentiment    Nativists as a Political Force    Reform Impulses    Public Education    Alternative Visions of Social Life    Networks of Reformers   The United States Extends Its Reach    The Lone Star Republic    The Election of 1844    War with Mexico    Conclusion    Envisioning History An Owner Advertises for His Runaway Slave     The Wider World The U.S. and Other Railroad Networks Compared    Interpreting History Senator John C. Calhoun Warns Against Incorporating Mexico into the United States      Part 5. Disunion and Reunion   13. The Crisis over Slavery, 1848–1860   Regional Economies and Conflicts    Native American Economies Transformed    Land Conflicts in the Southwest    Ethnic and Economic Diversity in the Midwest    Regional Economies of the South    A Free Labor Ideology in the North    Individualism Versus Group Identity    Putting into Practice Ideas of Social Inferiority    “A Teeming Nation”—America in Literature    Challenges to Individualism    The Paradox of Southern Political Power    The Party System in Disarray    The Compromise of 1850    Expansionism and Political Upheaval    The Republican Alliance    The Deepening Conflict over Slavery    The Rising Tide of Violence    The Dred Scott Decision    The Lincoln-Douglas Debates    Harpers Ferry and the Presidential Election of 1860    Conclusion    Envisioning History An Artist Renders County Election Day in the 1850s    The Wider World When Was Slavery Abolished?    Interpreting History Professor Howe on the Subordination of Women      14. “To Fight to Gain a Country”: The Civil War   Mobilization for War, 1861–1862    The Secession Impulse    Preparing to Fight    Barriers to Southern Mobilization    Indians in the Service of the Confederacy    The Ethnic Confederacy    The Course of War, 1862–1864    The Republicans’ War    The Ravages of War    The Emancipation Proclamation    Persistent Obstacles to the Confederacy’s Grand Strategy    The Other War: African American Struggles for Liberation    The Unfolding of Freedom    Enemies Within the Confederacy    The Ongoing Fight Against Prejudice    Battle Fronts and Home Fronts in 1863    Disaffection in the Confederacy    The Tide Turns Against the South    Civil Unrest in the North    The Desperate South    The Prolonged Defeat of the Confederacy, 1864–1865    “Hard War” Toward African Americans and Indians    “Father Abraham”    Sherman’s March from Atlanta to the Sea    The Last Days of the Confederacy    Conclusion    Interpreting History A Virginia Slaveholder Objects to the Impressment of Slaves    Envisioning History A Civil War Encampment    The Wider World Deaths of Americans in Principal Wars, 1775-1991      15. Consolidating a Triumphant Union, 1865–1877  The Struggle over the South    Wartime Preludes to Postwar Policies    Presidential Reconstruction, 1865–1867    The Southern Postwar Labor Problem    Building Free Communities    Landscapes and Soundscapes of Freedom    Congressional Reconstruction: The Radicals’ Plan    The Remarkable Career of Blanche K. Bruce    Claiming Territory for the Union    Federal Military Campaigns Against Western Indians    The Postwar Western Labor Problem    Land Use in an Expanding Nation    Buying Territory for the Union    The Republican Vision and Its Limits    Postbellum Origins of the Woman Suffrage Movement    Workers’ Organizations    Political Corruption and the Decline of Republican Idealism    Conclusion    Envisioning History Two Artists Memorialize the Battle of Little Big Horn    The Wider World When Did Women Get the Vote? Interpreting History A Southern Labor Contract   Appendix The Declaration of Independence  The Article of Confederation  The Constitution of the United States of America  Amendments to the Constitution  Presidential Elections Present Day United States Present Day World Glossary Credits Index  Maps