Community development refers to planned efforts aimed at producing assets to increase the ability and capacity of inhabitants to enhance quality of life. There are many types of assets recognized in community development, including social, physical, human, financial and environmental. Community development can be considered both as a process of developing the ability to act collectively, and an outcome: 1) taking collective action and 2) the result of that action for improvement in a community in any or all realms.

A key feature within community development is the notion of social capital or social capacity, generally recognized by both researchers and practitioners as the resources embedded within relationships among people and organizations that help facilitate collaboration and cooperation. A rich history of community development shows the connection to engagement, advocacy, housing rights, anti-poverty and other socially focused concerns. The focus of planning entails the establishment of goals, policies, and procedures for a social or economic unit, such as in a city, community, region or nation. Community planning and development thus seeks to foster viable communities by promoting integrated approaches that provide decent housing, a suitable living environment, and expand economic opportunities for low and moderate income persons.

This four-volume set covers the wide social, economic, political, environmental and urban contexts for community planning and development. Providing both foundation contexts as well as addressing current issues, the collection brings together the most relevant overviews and critiques of community planning and development, applicable to both developing and developed countries. The set is fully indexed, and provides a comprehensive overview newly written by the editor as well as an introduction for each volume. It provides an essential work of reference, designed to be useful to scholars, students, and researchers as a vital research resource.

VOLUME I THEORY AND CONTEXT

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION TO VOLUME I: THEORY AND CONTEXT

2. ADVOCACY AND PLURALISM IN PLANNING

3. PAUL DAVIDOFF

4. CULTURAL ACTION FOR FREEDOM

5. PAULO FREIRE

6. PROLOGUE

7. SAUL D. ALINSKY

8. THE PURPOSE

9. SAUL D. ALINSKY

10. THE USES OF CITY NEIGHBORHOODS

11. JANE JACOBS

12. A LADDER OF CITIZEN PARTICIPATION

13. SHERRY R. ARNSTEIN

14. ON THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF CRITICAL PRAGMATISM: DELIBERATIVE PRACTICE AND CREATIVE NEGOTIATIONS

15. JOHN FORESTER

16. THE TERRAIN OF PLANNING THEORY

17. JOHN FRIEDMANN

18. CREATING SOCIAL CAPITAL

19. CORNELIA BUTLER FLORA AND JAN L. FLORA

20. SEVEN THEORIES FOR SEVEN COMMUNITY DEVELOPERS

21. RONALD J. HUSTEDDE

22. OPENING THOUGHTS

23. MARGARET LEDWITH

24. WHY EMPOWER?

25. MARGARET LEDWITH

26. SOCIAL JUSTICE APPROACH TO COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

27. BARRY CHECKOWAY

28. THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF EQUITY PLANNING: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

29. JOHN T. METZGER

30. UNDERSTANDING COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN A "THEORY OF ACTION" FRAMEWORK: NORMS, MARKETS, JUSTICE

31. LAURA WOLF-POWERS

32. INSTITUTIONAL TRANSFORMATION AND PLANNING: FROM INSTITUTIONALIZATION THEORY TO INSTITUTIONAL DESIGN

33. E.R. ALEXANDER

34. A CRITIQUE OF ROTHMAN’S AND OTHER STANDARD COMMUNITY ORGANIZING MODELS: TOWARD DEVELOPING A CULTURALLY PROFICIENT COMMUNITY ORGANIZING FRAMEWORK

35. BONNIE YOUNG LAING

36. INCREMENTALISM: DEAD YET FLOURISHING

37. JONATHAN BENDOR

38. TOWARDS A USER-CENTRED THEORY OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

39. JACQUELINE C. VISCHER

    VOLUME II APPROACHES AND TECHNIQUES

    ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

    INTRODUCTION TO VOLUME II: APPROACHES AND TECHNIQUES

40. BUILDING A SCIENCE OF CITIES

41. MICHAEL BATTY

42. WHAT TO DO WHEN STAKEHOLDERS MATTER: STAKEHOLDER IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES

43. JOHN M. BRYSON

44. GETTING THE MOST OUT OF SERVICE LEARNING: MAXIMIZING STUDENT, UNIVERSITY AND COMMUNITY IMPACT

45. MARK G. CHUPP AND MARK L. JOSEPH

46. PARTICIPATORY APPS FOR URBAN PLANNING—SPACE FOR IMPROVEMENT

47. TITIANA-PETRA ERTIÖ

48. FROM CYBER TO HYBRID: MOBILE TECHNOLOGIES AS INTERFACES OF HYBRID SPACES

49. ADRIANA DE SOUZA E SILVA

50. THE NEW GENERATION OF PUBLIC PARTICIPATION: INTERNET-BASED PARTICIPATION TOOLS

51. JENNIFER EVANS-COWLEY AND JUSTIN HOLLANDER

52. EFFECTS OF PHOTOVOICE: CIVIC ENGAGEMENT AMONG OLDER YOUTH IN URBAN COMMUNITIES

53. LARRY M. GANT ET AL.

54. LARGE GROUP INTERVENTIONS AS A TOOL FOR COMMUNITY VISIONING AND PLANNING

55. JANET MICHELLE HAMMER

56. RELATIONAL COMPLEXITY AND THE IMAGINATIVE POWER OF STRATEGIC SPATIAL PLANNING

57. PATSY HEALED

58. USING SOCIAL MEDIA AND MOBILE TECHNOLOGIES TO FOSTER ENGAGEMENT AND SELF-ORGANIZATION IN PARTICIPATORY URBAN PLANNING AND NEIGHBOURHOOD GOVERNANCE

59. REINOUT KLEINHANS, MAARTEN VAN HAM AND JENNIFER EVANS-COWLEY

60. NEW STRATEGIES FOR INNER-CITY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

61. MICHAEL E. PORTER

62. SORTING OUT THE CONNECTIONS BETWEEN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR NAVIGATING PATHWAYS AND PLANNING HEALTHY CITIES

63. MARY E. NORTHRIDGE, ELLIOTT D. SCLAR AND PADMINI BISWAS

64. COMMUNITY GARDENING AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT: INDIVIDUAL, SOCIAL AND COMMUNITY BENEFITS OF A COMMUNITY CONSERVATION PROGRAM

65. MARY L. OHMER, PAMELA MEADOWCROFT, KATE FREED AND ERIKA LEWIS

66. ENHANCING THE CAPACITY OF COMMUNITY-BASED ORGANIZATIONS IN EAST ST. LOUIS

67. KENNETH M. REARDON

68. CITIZEN PARTICIPATION, OPEN INNOVATION, AND CROWDSOURCING: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR PLANNING

69. ETHAN SELTZER AND DILLON MAHMOUDI

70. URBANSIM: MODELING URBAN DEVELOPMENT FOR LAND USE, TRANSPORTATION, AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING

71. PAUL WADDELL

72. DO CLUSTERS ENCOURAGE INNOVATION?: A META-ANALYSIS

73. LI FANG

74. SEARCHING FOR THE GOOD PLAN: A META-ANALYSIS OF PLAN QUALITY STUDIES

75. PHILIP BERKE AND DAVID GODSCHALK

76. A CONCEPTUAL SCHEME FOR ANALYSIS OF THE SOCIAL PLANNING PROCESS

77. EARL R. JONES AND WILLIAM M. HARRIS

78. FINDING COMMON GROUND: THE IMPORTANCE OF PLACE ATTACHMENT TO COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION AND PLANNING

79. LYNNE C. MANZO AND DOUGLAS D. PERKINS

80. CRITERIA FOR SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: INTEGRATING DIVERSITY AND SOLIDARITY INTO THE PLANNING PROCESS

81. DANIEL A. UNDERWOOD, DONALD D. HACKNEY AND DAN FRIESNER

    VOLUME III ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES

    ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

    INTRODUCTION TO VOLUME III: ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES

82. COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT APPROACHES TO PUBLIC HEALTH: PEOPLE CREATING PLACES WHERE THE HEALTHY CHOICE IS THE EASY CHOICE

83. ROBERT S. OGILVIE

84. SHAKING OUT THE COBWEBS: INSIGHTS INTO COMMUNITY CAPACITY AND ITS RELATION TO HEALTH OUTCOMES

85. NEALE SMITH, LORI BAUGH LITTLEJOHNS AND DONNA THOMPSON

86. THE ROLE OF COMMUNITY-BASED STRATEGIES IN ADDRESSING METROPOLITAN SEGREGATION AND RACIAL HEALTH DISPARITIES

87. MALO ANDRÉ HUTSON AND SACOBY WILSON

88. WHOSE PROBLEM? DISABILITY NARRATIVES AND AVAILABLE IDENTITIES

89. COLIN CAMERON

90. MAKING THE CASE FOR AFFORDABLE HOUSING: CONNECTING HOUSING WITH HEALTH AND EDUCATION OUTCOMES

91. ELIZABETH J. MUELLER AND J. ROSIE TIGHE

92. THE EMERGENCE AND SPREAD OF ECOURBAN NEIGHBOURHOODS AROUND THE WORLD

93. MEG HOLDEN, CHARLING LI AND ANA MOLINA

94. SUSTAINABLE LIVING AND CO-HOUSING: EVIDENCE FROM A CASE STUDY OF ECO-VILLAGES

95. BELLA MARCKMANN, KIRSTEN GRAM-HANSSEN AND TOKE HAUNSTRUP CHRISTENSEN

96. DESIGN FOR GENDER EQUALITY - THE HISTORY OF COHOUSING IDEAS AND REALITIES

97. DICK URBAN VESTBRO AND LIISA HORELLI

98. CITIES AND DIVERSITY: SHOULD WE WANT IT? CAN WE PLAN FOR IT?

99. SUSAN S. FAINSTEIN

100. BOHEMIA AS SUBCULTURE; "BOHEMIA" AS INDUSTRY: ART, CULTURE, AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

101. ELIZABETH CURRID

102. CREATIVES IN THE CITY: URBAN CONTRADICTIONS OF THE CREATIVE CITY

103. ELSA VIVANT

104. THE CREATIVE POWER OF CITIES03

105. FRANCESCO BANDARIN

106. THE WEAKEST LINK: CREATIVE INDUSTRIES, FLAGSHIP CULTURAL PROJECTS AND REGENERATION

107. ROBERTA COMUNIAN AND OLIVER MOULD

108. EMPOWERMENT AND DISEMPOWERMENT IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PRACTICE: EIGHT ROLES PRACTITIONERS PLAY

109. ANNE H. TOOMEY

110. USING A ‘DOMAINS’ APPROACH TO BUILD COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT

111. GLENN LAVERACK

112. ENHANCED BROADBAND ACCESS AS A SOLUTION TO THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC PROBLEMS OF THE RURAL DIGITAL DIVIDE

113. LEANNE TOWNSEND, ARJUNA SATHIASEELAN, GORRY FAIRHURST AND CLAIRE WALLACE

114. COOPERATIVES AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT: A PERSPECTIVE ON THE USE OF COOPERATIVES IN DEVELOPMENT

115. WILSON MAJEE AND ANN HOYT

116. COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT THROUGH RECONCILIATION TOURISM: BEHIND THE BIG HOUSE PROGRAM IN HOLLY SPRINGS, MISSISSIPPI

117. JODI SKIPPER

118. TOURISM, CULTURE, AND THE CREATIVE INDUSTRIES: REVIVING DISTRESSED NEIGHBORHOODS WITH ARTS-BASED COMMUNITY TOURISM

119. JESSICA AQUINO, RHONDA PHILLIPS AND HEEKYUNG SUNG

120. THE "NEW" LOCAL

121. JENI BURNELL AND RHONDA PHILLIPS

122. SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP: THE ROLE OF SOCIAL PURPOSE ENTERPRISES IN FACILITATING COMMUNITY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

123. SHERRI LERONDA WALLACE

124. A POSITIVE THEORY OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP

125. FILIPE M. SANTOS

     VOLUME IV PROGRESS AND FUTURE OUTLOOK

     ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

     INTRODUCTION TO VOLUME IV: PROGRESS AND FUTURE OUTLOOK

126. SPIRALING-UP: MAPPING COMMUNITY TRANSFORMATION WITH COMMUNITY CAPITALS FRAMEWORK

127. MARY EMERY AND CORNELIA FLORA

128. DO PLANS GET IMPLEMENTED? A REVIEW OF EVALUATION IN PLANNING

129. EMILY TALEN

130. UNDERSTANDING THE NIMBY AND LULU PHENOMENA: REASSESSING OUR KNOWLEDGE BASE AND INFORMING FUTURE RESEARCH

131. CARISSA SCHIVELY

132. BENEFITS OF NATURE CONTACT FOR CHILDREN

133. LOUISE CHAWLA

134. PLANNING FOR HAPPY NEIGHBORHOODS

135. DEIRDRE PFEIFFER AND SCOTT CLOUTIER

136. EVALUATION IN URBAN PLANNING: ADVANCES AND PROSPECTS

137. VITOR OLIVEIRA AND PAULO PINHO

138. LOCAL PLAN IMPLEMENTATION: ASSESSING CONFORMANCE AND INFLUENCE OF LOCAL PLANS IN THE UNITED STATES

139. WARD LYLES, PHILIP BERKE AND GAVIN SMITH

140. THE RURAL PLANNING PERSPECTIVE AT AN OPPORTUNE TIME

141. KATHRYN I. FRANK AND SEAN A. REISS

142. RESURRECTING A MODEL OF INTEGRATING INDIVIDUAL WORK WITH COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIAL ACTION

143. JESSICA GOLDSWORTHY

144. TELLING STORIES OF THE CITY: WALKING ETHNOGRAPHY, AFFECTIVE MATERIALITIES, AND MOBILE ENCOUNTERS

145. CHENG YI’EN

146. CURRENT TRENDS IN SMART CITY INITIATIVES: SOME STYLISED FACTS

147. PAOLO NEIROTTI, ALBERTO DE MARCO, ANNA CORINNA CAGLIANO, GIULIO MANGANO AND FRANCESCO SCORRANO

148. PLANNING THE RESILIENT CITY: CONCEPTS AND STRATEGIES FOR COPING WITH CLIMATE CHANGE AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK

149. YOSEF JABAREEN

150. GROWING CITIES SUSTAINABLY: DOES URBAN FORM REALLY MATTER?

151. MARCIAL H. ECHENIQUE, ANTHONY J. HARGREAVES, GORDON MITCHELL AND ANIL NAMDEO

152. RADICAL UNCERTAINTY: SCENARIO PLANNING FOR FUTURES

153. MARISA A ZAPATA AND NIKHIL KAZA

154. INTRODUCTION

155. STEPHEN M. WHEELER

156. PLANNING, HOPE, AND STRUGGLE IN THE WAKE OF KATRINA: KEN REARDON ON THE NEW ORLEANS PLANNING INITIATIVE

157. KEN REARDON AND JOHN FORESTER

158. APPLYING A THEORY OF CHANGE APPROACH TO THE EVALUATION OF COMPREHENSIVE COMMUNITY INITIATIVES: PROGRESS, PROSPECTS, AND PROBLEMS

159. JAMES P. CONNELL AND ANNE C. KUBISCH

160. CONSENSUS BUILDING AND COMPLEX ADAPTIVE SYSTEMS: A FRAMEWORK FOR EVALUATING COLLABORATIVE PLANNING

161. JUDITH E. INNES AND DAVID E. BOOHER

162. ARE WE PLANNING FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT? AN EVALUATION OF 30 COMPREHENSIVE PLANS

PHILIP R. BERKE AND MARIA MANTA CONROY

AFTERWORD

INDEX