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Text extracted from opening pages of book: Hmerican State Series CITY GOVERNMENT IN THE UNITED STATES BY FRANK J. GOODNOW, LL. D. EATON PROFESSOR OP ADMINISTRATIVE LAW AND MUNICIPAL SCIENCE IN COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY NEW YORK THE CENTURY CO. 1918 Copyright, 1904, by THE CENTURY Co. THE OEVINNE CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE i INTRODUCTORY: THE CITY AS A SOCIAL J? ACT ... 3 Meanings of tho Term City 3 Cities Formerly not Self-perpotuating 4 Cause of Recent Inert-use of Urban Population, . 7 Causes of Titles 9 Character of Urban Population 13 Improvement of Urban Comlit ions 19 ir THE CITY AS AN ORGAN OF GOVERNMENT 22 Political Position of Cities - 3 City Subordinated to tho State - 5 Municipal Home Rule 33 Municipal Functions 36 Present Position of Cities 39 in THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CITY IN THE UNITED STATES 43 English City Government in tho Eighteenth Century 43 Early American City Government *: > Original Sphere of Action of American Cities 52 Change in the, Position of American Cities 55 Legislative Interference with Cities 57 Change in the Organization of Cities 59 Board System of City Government 62 Mayor System of City Government 65 No American Type of City Government 68 rv THE POSITION OF THE CITY IN THE UNITED STATES . 69 The American Administrative System 69 The City a Creature of the State Legislature 7U The City an Authority of Enumerated Powers 74 Cities Have Lost Their Autonomy 77 Political Parties and City Government 79 V vi CONTENTS CHAPTER PACK v STATE CONTROL OF CITIES 89 Necessity of State Control of Cities 89 Constitutional Limitation of Legislative Power 91 Prohibition of Special City Laws 93 Necessity of Larger Municipal Powers 97 Ineffectiveness of Legislative Control 99 CentralAdministrative Control 101 Control of Political Parties 103 Separate City Elections 105 vi THE PARTICIPATION OF THE PEOPLE IN CITY GOV ERNMENT 109 Universal Suffrage for City Elections 109 Elected or Appointed City Officers 113 Referendum and Initiative in City Matters 118 Methods of Nomination 121 Nomination by Petition 122 Direct Nomination 126 Regulation of Parties 128 City Parties 130 Fusion in New York City 130 Chicago Municipal Voters' League 132 vii THE CITY COUNCIL 137 Original City Organization 137 Decay of City Council 139 Effects of the Decay of City Council 144 Reaction in Favor of City Council 146 Present Position of City Council 154 Manner of Election 156 Term of Members of City Council 160 Powers of City Council 161 Ordinance Power of Council 164 Power to Determine the Sphere of Municipal Activity 167 Financial Powers of City Council 169 viii THE CITY EXECUTIVE i? 6 Position of Mayor 176 Term of Mayor 182 City Civil Service 183 British System 186 United States System 189 Boards versus Commissioners 191 City Administrative Districts 200 CONTENTS vii CHAPTER PAGE ix POLICE ADMINISTRATION 204 Meaning of Term Police 204 City Judicial Functions 205 City Police Justices 209 Children's Courts 211 Importance of City Courts 212 Preservation of the Peace and Order 214 The London System 215 Early American Systems 218 Adoption of London System 221 Advantages of State Police 2* 23 Police Boards versus Commissioners 226 Defects of American Police 228 Police Licenses 234 Public, Health and Safety 235 Sanitary and Other Ordinances 236 Organization of Health, etc., Authorities 238 State Control 240 Powers of Health, etc., Authorities 242 Remedies 245 x ADMINISTRATION OF CHARITIES ANDCORRECTION . . 248 Early Methods 248 Separation of Charities from Correction 250 Insane Poor 251 Municipal Chanties 252 Organization of City Poor Authority 254 State Control 2T> 8 xi SCHOOL ADMINISTRATION 262 Early Methods 262 Organization of City School Authorities 263 Separation of Educational from Physical Administration of Schools 269 State Control 271 xii PUBLIC WORKS ADMINISTRATION 274 Physical Conditions of Cities in Olden Times 274 Modern Conditions 275 Organization of Public Works Authorities 276 Necessity of Records 279 American Conditions 281 Importance of