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Text extracted from opening pages of book: PREFACE FOR many years 1 have been interested in the various musical references in Dickens' works, and have had the impression that a careful examination of his writings would reveal an aspect of his character hitherto unknown, and, 1 may add, unsuspected. The centenary of his birth hastened a work long contemplated, and a first reading ( after many years) brought to light an amount of material far in excess of what 1 anticipated, while a second examination convinced me that there is, perhaps, no great writer who has made a more extensive use of music to illustrate character and create incident than Charles Dickens. From an historical point of view these references are of the utmost importance, for they reflect to a nicety the general condition of ordinary musical life in England during the middle of the last century. We do not, of course, look to Dickens for a history of classical music during the period those who want this will find it in the newspapers and magazines ; but for the story of music in the ordinary English home, for the popular songs of the period, for the average musical attainments of the viii. PREFACE middle and lower classes ( mxisic was not the correct thing amongst the * upper ten '), we must turn to the pages of Dickens' novels. It is certainly strange that no one has hitherto thought of tapping this source of information. In and about 1887 the papers teemed with articles that outlined the history of music during the first fifty years of Victoria's reign; but I have not seen one that attempted to derive first-hand information from the sources referred to, nor indeed does the subject of ' Dickens and Music' ever appear to have received the attention which, in my opinion, it deserves. I do not profess to have chronicled all the musical references, nor has it been possible to identify every one of the numerous quotations from songs, although I have consulted such excellent authorities as Dr. Ctxmmings, Mr. Worden ( Preston), and Mr. J. Allanson Benson ( Bromley). I have to thank Mr. Frank Kidson, who, I understand, had already planned a work of this description, for his kind advice and assistance. There is no living writer who has such a wonderful knowledge of old songs as Mr. Kidson, a knowledge which he is ever ready to put at the disposal of others. Even now there axe some half-dozen songs which every attempt PREFACE ix. to run to earth has failed, though I have tried to ' mole ' em out ' ( as Mr. Pancks would say) by searching through some hundreds of song books and some thousands of separate songs. Should any of my readers be able to throw light on dark places I shall be very glad to hear from them, with a view to making the information here presented as complete and correct as possible if another edition should be called for. May I suggest to the Secretaries of our Literary Societies, Guilds, and similar organizations that a pleasant evening might be spent in rendering some of the music referred to by Dickens. The proceedings might be varied by readings from his works or by historical notes on the music. Many of the pieces axe still in print, and I shall be glad to render assistance in tracing them. Perhaps this idea will also commend itself to the members of the Dickens Fellowship, an organization with which all lovers of the great novelist ought to associate themselves. JAMES T. LIGHTWOOD. LYTHAM, October, 1912. X truly love I> ickens ; and discern in the inner man of him a tone of real Music which straggles to express itself, as it may in these bewildered, stupefied and, indeed, very crusty and distracted days better or worse ! THOMAS CONTENTS CHAP. PAGB I. DICKENS AS A MUSICIAN . . i II. INSTRUMENTAL COMBINATIONS . 23 III. VARIOUS INSTRUMENTS : FLUTE, ORGAN, GUITAR ( AND SOME HUMMERS) .... 36 IV. VARIOUS INSTRUMENTS ( continued) . 56 V. CHURCH Music .... 69 VI. SONGS AND SOME SINGERS . . 83 VII. SOME NOTED SINGERS . . . 112 LIST OF SONGS, & c., MENTIONED B