Treatment of psychostimulant addiction has been a major, and not fully met, challenge. For opioid addiction, there is strong evidence for the effectiveness of several medications. For psychostimulants, there is no corresponding form of agonist maintenance that has met criteria for regulatory approval or generally accepted use. Stimulant-use disorders remain prevalent and can result in both short-term and long-term adverse consequences. The mainstay of treatment remains behavioral interventions. Cocaine addiction started becoming prominent in the 1970s when drug cartels in South America began mass producing the drug and exporting it to the United States. Since then, the problem has progressively gotten worse. Today, over four million people in the U.S. are in need of treatment. Likewise, addiction to amphetamine is on the rise, with more than three million Americans suffering from them.When cocaine and amphetamine enter the bloodstream, the drugs interfere with the brain's dopamine transporter (DAT), the protein responsible for removing dopamine from the neural synapses and storing it back into the nerve cells. By blocking the DAT, psychostimulants keep dopamine in our systems and produce intense feelings of euphoria. There are nearly 8 million people in the United States in need of treatment for a psychostimulant addiction; however, there are no FDA approved drugs on the market. There is a need to develop a new, first-in-class treatment to help these people that have long been neglected.Illicit psychostimulant addiction remains a significant problem worldwide, despite decades of research into the neural underpinnings and various treatment approaches. The purpose of this review is to provide a succinct overview of the neurocircuitry involved in drug addiction, as well as the acute and chronic effects of cocaine and amphetamines within this circuitry in humans. Investigational pharmacological treatments for illicit psychostimulant addiction are also reviewed. Our current knowledge base clearly demonstrates that illicit psychostimulants produce lasting adaptive neural and behavioral changes that contribute to the progression and maintenance of addiction. However, attempts at generating pharmacological treatments for psychostimulant addiction have historically focused on intervening at the level of the acute effects of these drugs. The lack of approved pharmacological treatments for psychostimulant addiction highlights the need for new treatment strategies, especially those that prevent or ameliorate the adaptive neural, cognitive, and behavioral changes caused by chronic use of this class of illicit drugsIn this book, we discuss those interventions and some promising candidates in the search for pharmacological interventions.Psychostimulants play a central role in the management of ADHD. Here we review the evidence pertaining to the use of methylphenidate, dexamphetamine and related amphetamine salts, the prodrug lisdexamfetamine and modafinil for the management of comorbid ADHD and non-ADHD indications. There is a growing consensus that stimulant medications are helpful at improving the emotional dysregulation and lability, and oppositional and conduct symptoms that are often associated with ADHD.