Buddhism can be viewed as a vehicle for transporting its adherents, who are anxious for release from rebirths but least inclined to follow either the path of rigorous asceticism or that of tantalizing speculation on the nature of the self, from this word of misery to Nirvana where all pain ceases. Its message was so simple and direct that all, from prince to plebeian alike, succumbed to its appeal and swelled its ranks. It became the religion of an empire which held sway over the Indian sub-continent; in the process the message of the master was lost. A number of schools, each claiming to echo the authentic voice of the founder, sprang up. The melee that ensued ultimately split Buddhism into two camps-the Hinayana (lesser vehicle) and the Mahayana (greater vehicle).A.B. Keith, in this book, Buddhist Philosophy in India and Ceylon, gives an account of its historical development by thoroughly discussing Buddhism in the Pali Canon, the development in the Hinayana, the philosophy of the Mahayana and Buddhist logic, and lays to rest all misconceptions surrounding it. The fact that this book holds an unique position among books on this subject is attested by its undiminishing popularity ever since its first publication in 1923.ContentsPart I : BUDDHISM IN THE PALI CANON :1. THE PERSONALITY AND DOCTRINES OF THE BUDDHA :i. The Problem and the Sourcesii. The Conclusions attainable2. THE SOURCES AND LIMITS OF KNOWLEDGE :i. Authority, Intuition, and Reasonii. Agnosticism3. THE FUNDAMENTAL CHARACTER OF BEING :i. Idealism, Negativism, or Realismii. The Impermanence and Misery of Existenceiii. The Absolute and Nirvanaiv. The Conception of Dhamma or the Norm4. THE PHILOSOPHY OF SPIRIT AND NATURE :i. The Negation of the Selfii. Personalist Doctrinesiii. The Empirical Self and the Process of Consciousnessiv. Matter and Spirit in the Universe5. THE DOCTRINE OF CAUSATION AND THE ACT :i. Causationii. The Development of the Chain of Causationiii. The Links of the Chainiv. The Interpretation of the Chainv. The Significance of the Chainvi. The Breaking of the Chainvii. Causation in Natureviii. The Doctrine of the Act6. THE PATH OF SALVATION, THE SAINT, AND THE BUDDHA :i. The Path of Salvationii. The Forms of Meditationiii. Intuition and Nirvanaiv. The Saint and the Buddha7. THE PLACE OF BUDDHISM IN EARLY INDIAN THOUGHT :i. Early Indian Materialism, Fatalism, and Agnosticismii. Buddhism and the Beginnings of the Samkhyaiii. Buddhism and Yogaiv. The Original Element in BuddhismPart II : DEVELOPMENTS IN THE HINAYANA :8. THE SCHOOLS OF THE HINAYANA :i. The Traditional Listsii. The Vibhajyavadinsiii. Sarvastivadins, Vaibhasikas, and Sautrantikasiv. Precursors of the Mahayana9. THE DOCTRINE OF REALITY :i. Realismii. The Nature of Time and Spaceiii. The Ego as a Seriesiv. The Doctrine of Causationv. The Chain of Causation, Internal and Externalvi. The Later Doctrine of Momentariness and Causal Efficiencyvii. Vedanta Criticisms of Realism10. THE PSYCHOLOGY OF CONSCIOUSNESS :i. The Abhidhamma Pitakaii. The Milindapanhaiii. Buddhaghosa and the Sarvastivadin Schoolsiv. The Classifications of Phenomena11. THE THEORY OF ACTION AND BUDDHOLOGY :i. The Mechanism of the Actii. The Mode of Transmigrationiii. The Nature of the Buddhaiv. The Perfections of the Saintv. Nirvana as the UnconditionedPart III : THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE MAHAYANA :12. MAHAYANA ORIGINS AND AUTHORITIESi. The Origin of the Mahayanaii. The Literature13. THE NEGATIVISM OF THE MADHYAMAKA :i. The Doctrine of Knowledgeii. The Doctrine of Negativism and the Void14. THE IDEALISTIC NEGATIVISM OF THE VIJNANAVADA :i. The Doctrine of Knowledgeii. Idealism and the Void15. THE DOCTRINE OF THE ABSOLUTE IN BUDDHISM AND THE VEDANTA :i. Suchness as the Absoluteii. Cosmic and Individual Consciousnessiii. Nirvana as the Absoluteiv. The Pre-eminence of the Mahayanav. Vedanta and Mahayana16. THE BUDDHIST TRIKAYA :i. The Dharmakaya, Body of the Lawii. The Sambhogakaya, Body of Blissiii. The Nirmanakaya, Magic Body17. THE DOCTRINE OF SALVATION, BODHISATTVAS, AND BUDDHAS :i. The Problem of Salvationii. The Equipment of Knowledgeiii. The Equipment of Meritiv. The Virtue of Generosity or Compassionv. Devotion and the Transfer of Meritvi. The Doctrine of the Act and the Causal Seriesvii. The Career of the Bodhisattvaviii. Defects of the New Idealix. The BuddhasPart IV. BUDDHIST LOGIC :18. THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF BUDDHIST LOGIC :i. Logic in the Hinayanaii. Dignagaiii. Dharmakirti's Doctrine of Perception and Knowledgeiv. Dharmakirti's Doctrine of Inferencev. Controversies with the Nyaya