About the Book

• Student-friendly book.
• This handbook covers Histology, Osteology, Embryology, Radiology and Surface Anatomy.
• Stress has been laid on clinical and functional aspects.
• New and enhanced photomicrographs along with viva questions make Histology easy-to-understand.
• Important spotters and common discussion topics for practical examinations are given in chapter 6.
• Most probable questions have been included in the chapter Red Alert to enable the students to answer the toughest questions.
• It will help students save a lot of time to concentrate on Gross and Applied Anatomy.
• Must-have prep manual for exam-going students.

About the Author

Harishanker JS, Ajai Sasi, Avinash N are 3rd year MBBS (2011-12 batch) from Malabar Medical College, Calicut, Kerala. The trio is well know among the faculties and students of Malabar Medical College.

Table of Contents:
1. HISTOLOGY-------------Epithelia 2 Simple Squamous Epithelium 2 Simple Cuboidal Epithelium 2 Simple Columnar Epithelium 3 Ciliated Columnar Epithelium with Goblet Cells 3 Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium 4 Transitional Epithelium 4 Cartilage 5 Hyaline Cartilage 6 Elastic Cartilage 9 Fibrocartilage 10 Compact Bone: Transverse Section 12 Bone 13 Bone Transverse Section 13 Bone Longitudinal Section 14 Muscle 17 Skeletal Muscle 17 Smooth Muscle 18 Cardiac Muscle 21 Blood Vessels 22 Large Artery or Elastic Artery 22 Medium Sized Artery 25 Large Vein 26 Medium Sized Vein 29 Lymphoreticular System 30 Lymph Node 30 Palatine Tonsil 33 Spleen 34 Thymus 37 Nervous Tissue 38 Nerve Fiber 38 Spinal Ganglion 41 Sympathetic Ganglion 42 Oral Cavity and Structures 45 Serous Salivary Gland 45 Mucous Salivary Gland 46 Contentsxvi Asterion—The Practical Handbook of Anatomy Mixed Salivary Gland 49 Tongue 50 Alimentary System 53 Esophagus 54 Stomach Fundus 54 Stomach Pylorus 57 Small Intestine 58 Duodenum 58 Jejunum 61 Ileum 62 Colon 65 Appendix 66 Liver and Pancreas 69 Liver 69 Gallbladder 70 Pancreas 73 Respiratory System 74 Trachea 74 Lung 77 Renal System 78 Kidney 78 Ureter 81 Urinary Bladder 82 Skin 85 Thick Skin 86 Thin Skin 86 Special Senses 89 Cornea 89 Retina 90 Optic Nerve 93 Female Reproductive System 94 Mammary Gland 94 Ovary 97 Fallopian Tube 98 Uterus 101 Placenta 102 Umbilical Cord 105 Male Reproductive System 106 Testis 106 Epididymis 109 Vas Deferens 110 Prostate Gland 113Contents xvii Endocrine System 114 Adrenal Gland 114 Thyroid Gland 117 Parathyroid Gland 117 Pituitary Gland 118 Central Nervous System 121 Spinal Cord 121 Cerebellum 122 Cerebrum 125 2. EMBRYOLOGY------------------------------------------------------------------------------127 General Embryology 128 Embryogenesis 128 Implantation 128 Decidua 129 Embryonic Disc and Germ Layers 129 Intraembryonic Mesoderm 130 Somites 131 Notochord 131 Neurulation 132 Neural Crest 132 Lamina Terminalis 132 Placenta 133 Systemic Embryology 134 Pharyngeal Arches 134 Palate 135 Face 136 Upper Lip 137 Tongue 138 Thyroid Gland 138 Lungs 139 Heart Tube 139 Right Atrium 140 Interatrial Septum 140 Fallot’s Tetralogy 141 Diaphragm 142 Foregut Derivatives 142 Midgut Derivatives 142 Hindgut Derivatives 142 Esophagus 142 Stomach 142 Meckel’s Diverticulum 143 Pancreas 143 Liver and Gallbladder 144xviii Asterion—The Practical Handbook of Anatomy Kidney 144 Urinary Bladder 145 Uterus 145 Uterine Tube 145 Development of Gonads (Testis and Ovaries) 146 Rectum and Anal Canal 147 Prostate 148 Amniocentesis 148 Genetics 148 Barr Body (Sex Chromatin) 148 Chromosome Banding 148 Karyotyping 149 Nondisjunction 149 Klinefelter Syndrome 150 Turner’s Syndrome 150 Down Syndrome 150 3. RADIOLOGY --------------------------------------------------------------------------------151 Basics 152 Imaging Modalities 152 Radio-Opacities 152 Plane Radiographs 153 Contrast Radiographs 153 Some Terms 155 Barium Swallow 156 Barium Meal 156 Barium Enema 156 Contrast Studies 156 Intravenous Pyelography (IVP) 157 Hysterosalpingography (HSG) 157 How to Read a Chest Radiograph (PA View) ? 158 Plane Radiographs 160 Upper Limb 160 Thorax and Abdomen 163 Lower Limb 165 Head and Neck 169 Contrast Radiographs 171 Barium Swallow 171 Barium Meal 171 Barium Meal Follow Through 172 Barium Enema (Double Contrast) 172 Intravenous Pyelogram 173 Hysterosalpingogram 173Contents xix 4. OSTEOLOGY --------------------------------------------------------------------------------175 Bones 176 Skull: Anterior View 176 Skull: Posterior View 176 Skull: Lateral View 177 Skull: Inferior View 177 Floor of Cranial Cavity: Posterosuperior View 178 Floor of Cranial Cavity: Superior View 179 Mandible : Anterior View 180 Mandible : Lateral View 180 Mandible : Posterior View 180 Upper Limb 181 Lower Limb 185 Thorax 191 Vertebrae 192 Anatomical Position, Side Determination and Features 199 Clavicle 199 Scapula 199 Humerus 200 Radius 201 Ulna 201 Hip Bone 202 Femur 202 Tibia 203 Fibula 203 Patella 204 Vertebrae 204 Ossification 205 Medical and Legal Importance 205 5. SURFACE MARKING-----------------------------------------------------------------------209 Upper Limb 210 Axillary Artery 210 Brachial Artery 210 Radial Artery 210 Ulnar Artery 210 Axillary Nerve 210 Median Nerve 211 Musculocutaneous Nerve 211 Radial Nerve 211 Ulnar Nerve 211 Flexor Retinaculum 212 Extensor Retinaculum 212xx Asterion—The Practical Handbook of Anatomy Superficial Palmar Arch 212 Deep Palmar Arch 212 Lower Limb 213 Femoral Artery 213 Popliteal Artery 213 Posterior Tibial Artery 213 Dorsalis Pedis Artery 213 Saphenous Opening 213 Great Saphenous Vein 213 Sciatic Nerve 214 Superior Extensor Retinaculum 214 Inferior Extensor Retinaculum 214 Flexor Retinaculum 214 Thorax 214 Heart 214 Arch of Aorta 215 Lungs 215 Pleural Reflection 216 Esophagus 217 Thoracic Duct 217 Abdomen and Pelvis 218 Median Vertical Plane 218 Inguinal Canal 219 Stomach 219 Liver 219 Fundus of Gallbladder 220 Abdominal Aorta 220 Spleen 220 Root of Mesentry 220 Mcburney’s Point 220 Kidney 221 Ureter 221 Head and Neck 222 Common Carotid Artery 222 External Carotid Artery 222 Facial Artery 222 Facial Vein 222 Internal Jugular Vein 222 External Jugular Vein 223 Facial Nerve 223 Parotid Duct 223Contents xxi 6. SPOTTERS AND DISCUSSION TOPICS -------------------------------------------------225 Spotters 226 Upper Limb 226 Lower Limb 227 Thorax 228 Abdomen and Pelvis 228 Head and Neck 229 Brain 231 Discussion Topics 231 7. RED ALERT ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------233 Paper 1 234 Upper Limb 234 Lower Limb 234 Thorax 235 General Histology 235 General Embryology 236 General Anatomy 236 Paper 2 236 Head and Neck 236 Neuroanatomy 237 Abdomen and Pelvis 238 Histology 238 Systemic Embryology 239 Important Diagrams 240 Index------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------243