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As Maiores Batalhas da História: A Batalha de Okinawa

As Maiores Batalhas da História: A Batalha de Okinawa

          
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About the Book

Perto do final de 1944, quando as forças aliadas estavam a avançar pelo Pacífico e a aproximar-se cada vez mais do Japão, foram elaborados planos para invadir as ilhas Ryuku, sendo a mais proeminente Okinawa. Os planeadores militares previram que a campanha anfíbia duraria uma semana, mas em vez de enfrentar 60.000 defensores japoneses, como previsto, havia cerca de 120.000 na ilha no início da campanha, em abril de 1945. A Batalha de Okinawa foi a maior operação anfíbia no teatro de operações do Pacífico, durou quase 3 meses e acabou por ser a mais feroz no teatro de operações do Pacífico durante a guerra, com cerca de 60.000 baixas americanas e mais de 100.000 soldados japoneses mortos. Para além disso, a batalha resultou numa estimativa de 40.000 a 150.000 baixas civis japonesas.
Okinawa foi testemunha de todos os horrores concebíveis da guerra, tanto em terra como no mar. As forças terrestres americanas em Okinawa tiveram de lidar com o mau tempo (incluindo um tufão), fossos anti-tanque, arame farpado, minas, grutas, redes de túneis subterrâneos e soldados japoneses fanáticos que estavam dispostos a usar escudos humanos enquanto lutavam até à morte. As forças navais aliadas que apoiavam a invasão anfíbia tiveram de enfrentar os famosos kamikazes do Japão, pilotos suicidas que aterrorizavam os marinheiros enquanto tentavam freneticamente abater os aviões japoneses antes que estes pudessem atingir os navios aliados. Como recordou um marinheiro a bordo do USS Miami, "vinham em enxames de todas as direcções. Os canos dos canhões do nosso navio ficaram tão quentes que tivemos de usar bocas de fogo para os arrefecer". Como observou o The Marine Corps Gazette, "A Batalha de Okinawa provocou mais problemas de saúde mental do que qualquer outra batalha no Pacífico durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial. O bombardeamento constante da artilharia e dos morteiros, juntamente com as elevadas taxas de baixas, levou a que muitos homens sofressem de fadiga de combate. Além disso, as chuvas causaram lama que impediu os tanques de se moverem e os rastos de retirarem os mortos, obrigando os fuzileiros (que se orgulham de enterrar os seus mortos de forma correta e honrosa) a deixarem os seus camaradas onde jaziam. Isto, juntamente com milhares de corpos, tanto de amigos como de inimigos, espalhados por toda a ilha, criou um cheiro que quase se podia saborear. O moral estava perigosamente baixo no mês de maio e o estado de disciplina numa base moral tinha um novo barómetro baixo para um comportamento aceitável. As atrocidades impiedosas cometidas pelos japoneses ao longo da guerra já tinham provocado uma alteração de comportamento (assim considerada pelos padrões tradicionais) por parte de muitos americanos, resultando na profanação de restos mortais japoneses, mas a tática japonesa de utilizar o povo de Okinawa como escudos humanos trouxe um novo aspeto de terror e tormento à capacidade psicológica dos americanos."

Dada a natureza horrível do combate e o facto de ter sido incessante durante várias semanas, não é de surpreender que Okinawa tenha tido um profundo efeito psicológico nos homens que combateram, mas também influenciou grandemente o pensamento dos líderes militares que planeavam campanhas subsequentes, incluindo uma potencial invasão do continente japonês. Os combates em locais como Iwo Jima e Okinawa contribuíram em grande medida para convencer os conselheiros militares americanos de que invadir o Japão causaria milhões de baixas, o que acabou por ajudar o Presidente Truman a utilizar as bombas atómicas em Hiroshima e Nagasaki, num esforço para acabar com a guerra antes de ter de tentar uma invasão.


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Product Details
  • ISBN-13: 9798336444339
  • Publisher: Amazon Digital Services LLC - Kdp
  • Publisher Imprint: Independently Published
  • Height: 279 mm
  • No of Pages: 118
  • Spine Width: 6 mm
  • Weight: 291 gr
  • ISBN-10: 8336444335
  • Publisher Date: 20 Aug 2024
  • Binding: Paperback
  • Language: Portuguese
  • Returnable: N
  • Sub Title: A Batalha de Okinawa
  • Width: 216 mm


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