At a period earlier than the dawn of written history there lived somewhere among the great tablelands and plains of Central Asia a race known to us only by the uncertain name of Aryans. TheseAryans were a fair-skinned and well-built people, long past the stage of aboriginal savagery, andpossessed of a considerable degree of primitive culture. Though mainly pastoral in habit, they wereacquainted with tillage, and they grew for themselves at least one kind of cereal grain. They spoke alanguage whose existence and nature we infer from the remnants of it which survive in the tonguesof their descendants, and from these remnants we are able to judge, in some measure, of theircivilisation and their modes of thought. The indications thus preserved for us show the Aryans tohave been a simple and fierce community of early warriors, farmers, and shepherds, still in a partiallynomad condition, living under a patriarchal rule, originally ignorant of all metals save gold, butpossessing weapons and implements of stone, [1] and worshipping as their chief god the openheaven. We must not regard them as an idyllic and peaceable people: on the contrary, they were thefiercest and most conquering tribe ever known. In mental power and in plasticity of manners, however, they probably rose far superior to any race then living, except only the Semitic nations ofthe Mediterranean coast.From the common Central Asian home, colonies of warlike Aryans gradually dispersed themselves, still in the pre-historic period, under pressure of population or hostile invasion, over many districtsof Europe and Asia. Some of them moved southward, across the passes of Afghanistan, andoccupied the fertile plains of the Indus and the Ganges, where they became the ancestors of theBrahmans and other modern high-caste Hindoos. The language which they took with them to theirnew settlements beyond the Himalayas was the Sanskrit, which still remains to this day the nearestof all dialects that we now possess to the primitive Aryan speech. From it are derived the chiefmodern tongues of northern India, from the Vindhyas to the Hindu Kush. Other Aryan tribessettled in the mountain districts west of Hindustan; and yet others found themselves a home in thehills of Iran or Persia, where they still preserve an allied dialect of the ancient mother tongue.But the mass of the emigrants from the Central Asian fatherland moved further westward insuccessive waves, and occupied, one after another, the midland plains and mountainous peninsulasof Europe. First of all, apparently, came the Celts, who spread slowly across the South of Russia andGermany, and who are found at the dawn of authentic history extending over the entire westerncoasts and islands of the continent, from Spain to Scotland. Mingled in many places with the stillearlier non-Aryan aborigines-perhaps Iberians and Euskarians, a short and swarthy race, armedonly with weapons of polished stone, and represented at the present day by the Basques of thePyrenees and the Asturias-the Celts held rule in Spain, Gaul, and Britain, up to the date of theseveral Roman conques