Inequality in South Asia appears to be moderate when looking at standard indicators, such as the Gini index, that are based on consumption expenditures per capita. But other pieces of evidence reveal enormous gaps, from extravagant wealth at one end to appalling human development outcomes at the other. Which prompts the question: How bad is inequality in South Asia? And why would that matter? Addressing Inequality in South Asia takes a comprehensive look at the extent, nature, and drivers of inequality in this very dynamic region of the world. It discusses how some dimensions of inequality, such as high returns to investments in human capital, contribute to economic growth while others, such as high payoffs to rent-seeking, or broken aspirations, undermine it. Drawing on a variety of data sources, it disentangles the contribution that opportunity in young age, mobility in adult years, and support throughout life make to inequality at any point in time. The analysis shows that South Asia performs poorly in terms of opportunity. Access to basic services is partial at best, and can be traced to characteristics at birth, including gender, location, and caste. Conversely, despite its cluttered urbanization and widespread informality, the region has had a robust performance in terms of mobility, both across generations and within the same generation. Migration and jobs have served disadvantaged groups well, highlighting the importance of the urbanization and private sector development agendas. Finally, support falls somewhere in between. Poverty alleviation programs are pervasive, but the mobilization of public resources is limited and much of it is wasted in regressive subsidies, while intergovernmental transfers do not do enough to mitigate spatial inequalities.

Table of Contents:
Foreword • Acknowledgments • Abbreviations • Overview • Why inequality matters • The extent of inequality • Drivers of inequality • Limited opportunity • Substantial mobility • Inadequate support • References • Chapter 1: Why Inequality Matters • Inequality of what? • Opportunities versus outcomes • Monetary measures of inequality • Multidimensional indicators of inequality • Subjective well-being • The costs (and benefits) of inequality • Intrinsic value • Incentives • Aspirations • Behaviors • Access to finance • Public goods • Rent seeking • Conflict • References • Why inequalitv matters: Main messages and policy implications • Chapter 2: The Extent of Inequality • Monetary indicators of inequality • Nonmonetary dimensions of inequality • Monetary inequality is increasing • Mixed trends in nonmonetary inequality • What lies behind inequality? • The extent of inequality: Main messages and policy implications • References • Chapter 3: Limited Opportunity • Inequality in access to basic services • Coverage is improving, equity less so • Who is covered? • The role of inherited circumstances • Limited resources and low progressivity • Limited opportunity: Main messages and policy implications • References • Chapter 4: Substantial Mobility • Mobility across generations • Mobility within the same generation • Nonfarm jobs drive mobility in villages • Migration is a major source of mobility • Urban mobility is shaped by city characteristics • Substantial mobility: Main messages and policy implications • References • Chapter 5: Inadequate Support • Shocks and how households cope • A scorecard for social protection programs • The distributional impact of taxes • Wasteful and often regressive subsidies • The promise of intergovernmental transfers • Inadequate support: Main messages and policy implications • References